1. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Becoming an Effective Reader PowerPoint by Mary Dubbé Thomas Nelson Community College PART ONE Advanced Argument: Persuasive Techniques 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. CHAPTER THIRTEEN In this chapter, you will learn to: Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category. Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments. Detect propaganda techniques based on irrelevant arguments. 1 1 2 2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.2 Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives 3 3

3. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Detect fallacies based on inadequate arguments. Detect propaganda techniques based on inadequate arguments. Evaluate the importance of advanced arguments: persuasive techniques. 4 4 5 5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.3 6 6

4. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.4 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category. 1 1  IRRELEVANT ARGUMENT: uses details that draw attention away from logical thought by ignoring the issue ERRORS IN ARGUMENT  INADEQUATE ARGUMENT: uses details that oversimplify the issue and do not give enough information to draw a proper conclusion

5. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.5 1 1  FALLACY: an error in logical thought that leads to invalid conclusions: invalid inferences, biased opinions, or false beliefs BIASED ARGUMENT  PROPAGANDA: an act of persuasion that systematically spreads biased information that is designed to support or oppose a person, product, cause, or organization (uses emotional appeal) Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

6. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.6 2 2 The iPad is a tablet computer sold by Apple Inc. that can be used to download audio-visual material. Example of an Unbiased Statement Example of Bias Everyone knows that only the wealthy can afford such expensive technology as iPads. This is just another example of the great technological divide between the rich and the poor. Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.

7. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.7 Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments. 2 2  Personal Attack (Ad Hominem) uses abusive remarks in place of evidence. He shouldn’t be permitted to seek office. We all know that he dodged the war. Fallacies using Irrelevant Support  Straw Man uses a weak argument substituted for a stronger one. Why are we allowing foreigners to enter the United States? Many of them are uneducated and can’t speak our language.

8. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.8 Fallacies using Irrelevant Suppor t Essay questions are challenging because they are difficult to write.  Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning) restates the point of an argument as a support or conclusion. Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments. 2 2

9. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.9 Detect propaganda techniques based on irrelevant arguments. 3 3  Name-calling uses labels for a product, idea, cause, or person. Our manager is a liar, and we know he is cheating us. Propaganda using Irrelevant Support  Testimonials use irrelevant personal opinions to support a product, idea, cause, or person. You should buy these shoes because they are endorsed by so many professional athletes.

10. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.10 Define the terms argument, claim, and evidence. 1 1  Bandwagon uses the irrelevant detail that “everyone is doing it.” Don’t get left behind. Join the thousands who have already made the smart choice. Propaganda using Irrelevant Support  Plain Folks uses the irrelevant details to build trust on shared values. I’m going to support this candidate because he has a family just like me, and he doesn’t put on airs or wear fancy clothes like the others do.

11. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.11 Detect fallacies based on inadequate arguments. 4 4  Either-Or (Black-and-White) assumes only two sides of the issue exist. Either attend college or be considered a failure. Fallacies using Inadequate Support  False Comparison (False Analogy) assumes two or more things are similar when they are not. The attack by the IRS on my company is just like a terrorist attack. I don’t know where or when the next strike will hit.

12. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.12 4 4  False Cause (Post-Hoc) assumes that because events occurred around the same time, they have a cause-effect relationship. Every severe recession has followed a Republican presidency. If you elect a Republican again, we will have another bad recession. Fallacies using Inadequate Support Detect fallacies based on inadequate arguments.

13. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.13 5 5  Card stacking omits factual details in order to misrepresent a product, causes, idea, or person. Soccer is the best sport for children because everyone gets to play and anyone can score a goal. No other sport is as enjoyable or fair. Propaganda using Inadequate Support  Transfer creates an association between a product, idea, or cause with a symbol or image that has positive or negative values. By choosing prayer, you are choosing America! Detect propaganda techniques based on inadequate arguments.

14. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.14 5 5  Glittering Generalities offers general positive statements that cannot be verified. My strength, speed, and endurance have all increased by amazing leaps and bounds after drinking Formula 1. I’ve never seen such results from any other product. Propaganda using Inadequate Support Detect propaganda techniques based on inadequate arguments.

15. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.15 Let’s Review! Assess your comprehension of the persuasive techniques of argument.

16. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 1.A fallacy can be described as _____. A. the evidence that supports a claim B. a claim that is reasonable and well-supported C. an error in logical thought D. false emotions

17. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 1.A fallacy can be described as _____. A. the evidence that supports a claim B. a claim that is reasonable and well-supported C. an error in logical thought D. false emotions 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

18. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 2.A biased argument that advances or damages a cause is known as _______. A. fallacy B. propaganda C. ignoring the evidence D. oversimplifying the issue

19. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 2.A biased argument that advances or damages a cause is known as _______. A. fallacy B. propaganda C. ignoring the evidence D. oversimplifying the issue 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

20. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 3. Arguments that ignore the issue or change the subject are often based upon _______. A. irrelevant details B. sound logic C. false analogies D. supporting details

21. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 3. Arguments that ignore the issue or change the subject are often based upon _______. A. irrelevant details B. sound logic C. false analogies D. supporting details 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

22. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 4. Oversimplifying an issue is a result of drawing a conclusion based upon _______. A. irrelevant arguments that ignore the point B. biased arguments that are based on personal opinion C. propaganda techniques that use emotional appeal D. inadequate details that do not provide enough information

23. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 4. Oversimplifying an issue is a result of drawing a conclusion based upon _______. A. irrelevant arguments that ignore the point B. biased arguments that are based on personal opinion C. propaganda techniques that use emotional appeal D. inadequate details that do not provide enough information 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

24. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 5. The irrelevant argument that shifts attention away from a strong argument to a weaker one is called _______. A. personal attack because it uses abusive remarks B. straw man because it is easier to knock down a straw man than a real man who will fight back C. begging the question because it restates the point of the argument as the support and conclusion D. name-calling because it uses negative labels

25. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 5. The irrelevant argument that shifts attention away from a strong argument to a weaker one is called _______. A. personal attack because it uses abusive remarks B. straw man because it is easier to knock down a straw man than a real man who will fight back C. begging the question because it restates the point of the argument as the support and conclusion D. name-calling because it uses negative labels 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

26. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 6.The black-and-white fallacy is also known as “either- or” because it assumes that _______. A. the argument is the same as the support B. people are all alike C. people will be persuaded by abusive remarks D. only two sides of an issue exist

27. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 6.The black-and-white fallacy is also known as “either- or” because it assumes that _______. A. the argument is the same as the support B. people are all alike C. people will be persuaded by abusive remarks D. only two sides of an issue exist 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

28. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 7._______ uses irrelevant details to build trust based on commonly shared values. A. Straw man B. Name-calling C. Testimonial D. Plain folks

29. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 7._______ uses irrelevant details to build trust based on commonly shared values. A. Straw man B. Name-calling C. Testimonial D. Plain folks 1 1 Define the terms fallacy, propaganda, and several types of each category.

30. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 8. _______ uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that “everyone is doing it.” A. Straw man B. Name-calling C. Bandwagon D. Plain folks

31. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 8. _______ uses or suggests the irrelevant detail that “everyone is doing it.” A. Straw man B. Name-calling C. Bandwagon D. Plain folks 3 3 Detect propaganda techniques based on irrelevant arguments.

32. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 9.Which of the following contains a biased argument? A. Reading books like Harry Potter will destroy our children’s values. B. Statistics show that people who read widely often have a higher level of vocabulary than people who don’t read. C. The bestseller list is an indication that many people still read books today. D. Oprah Winfrey began a reading club on her program.

33. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 9.Which of the following contains a biased argument? A. Reading books like Harry Potter will destroy our children’s values. B. Statistics show that people who read widely often have a higher level of vocabulary than people who don’t read. C. The bestseller list is an indication that many people still read books today. D. Oprah Winfrey began a reading club on her program. 2 2 Detect fallacies based on irrelevant arguments.

34. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 10.“Are you as tired of unrealistic talk shows as the rest of us?” This is an example of a(n) _________. A. either-or-fallacy B. false cause fallacy C. glittering generality D. bandwagon

35. CHAPTER TEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc. 10.“Are you as tired unrealistic talk shows as the rest of us?” This is an example of a(n) _________. A. either-or-fallacy B. false cause fallacy C. glittering generality D. bandwagon appeal 4 4 Detect fallacies based on inadequate arguments.

36. CHAPTER THIRTEEN Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.36 For more practice, connect to www.myreadinglab.com.www.myreadinglab.com See page 597 of The Effective Reader, 3 rd edition, for specific activities related to Chapter 13.