1. TKT Tutoring Class
Phonology

2. Unit 3 Phonology I. What is phonology? -definition II. Key concepts
-phoneme/phonemic symbol/phonemic script
-individual sounds: consonants/vowels
-connected speech: stress/intonation
-sounds/spelling
III. Classroom implications-

3. Definition
Phonology is the study of the way speech sounds are structured and how these are combined to create meaning in words, phrases and sentences. Phonology can be considered an aspect of grammar and, just as there are grammar 'rules' that apply to the syntax of a sentence and the morphology of words, there are phonological rules, too.

4. I. What is phonology?
Phonology 音韻學 is the study of the sound features used in a language to communicate meaning (p.13)
There are many different varieties of spoken English in the world, but all spoken English has the features as individual sounds, word stress, sentence stress, connected speech and intonation. (Hadfield, p.58)

5. II. Key concepts: a. Phoneme音素
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that has meaning in a language. (e.g. books [s] to show plurals)
English has 44 phonemes, which can be represented by phonemic symbols as on Page 187 and written in a phonemic script.
A phonemic symbol (音標) represents only one phoneme; it helps us know what the correct pronunciation is. E.g. cat [kæt] ; made [meɪd]

6. II. Key concepts: b. individual sounds

7. References
1. Hadfield.J. & Hardfield, C. (2008). Introduction to Teaching English. Oxford University Press.
2. Harmer, Jeremy. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. Pearson Education Limited.
3. Harmer, Jeremy. (2007). How to Teach English. Pearson Education Limited.