1. Agroforestry Science: Tackling Key Global Development Challenges Presentation at Virginia Tech 16 July 2008 Dennis Garrity Director General

2. The world as we know it

3. Forest loss 1990-2000

4. Net forest growth 1990-2000

5. Trees in Africa

6. Overview “Two trends seem almost universal in the tropics: -- The number of trees in forests is decreasing, but… -- The number on farms is increasing”. -- FAO State of the World’s Forests 2005 “Two trends seem almost universal in the tropics: -- The number of trees in forests is decreasing, but… -- The number on farms is increasing”. -- FAO State of the World’s Forests 2005

7. Drivers What is driving these two trends? Tree cover in forests is declining due to:  Pressure to convert forests to agriculture  Increasing demand for timber in rapidly growing economies  Pervasive failures in forest governance What is driving these two trends? Tree cover in forests is declining due to:  Pressure to convert forests to agriculture  Increasing demand for timber in rapidly growing economies  Pervasive failures in forest governance

8. Drivers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers

9. Drivers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes are declining – intensification & diversification Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes are declining – intensification & diversification

10. Drivers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification More people  Declining Farm Sizes  More Trees on Farms Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification More people  Declining Farm Sizes  More Trees on Farms

11. Drivers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification  Rapid urbanization (6%/yr) rapidly increasing demand for tree products Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification  Rapid urbanization (6%/yr) rapidly increasing demand for tree products

12. Drivers Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification  Rapid urbanization (6%/yr) rapidly increasing demand for tree products  Demand for timber as a farm-grown crop increasing due to rapid economic growth while forest-sourced timber declines Tree cover on farms is increasing due to:  Decline of natural forest cover accessible to villagers  Farm sizes declining – intensification & diversification  Rapid urbanization (6%/yr) rapidly increasing demand for tree products  Demand for timber as a farm-grown crop increasing due to rapid economic growth while forest-sourced timber declines

13. Trees on agricultural land Figure 1. Tree cover on agricultural land – does not include non-agricultural lands and urban areas. (Source - Hansen et al. 2003)

14. Agroforestry ____________________________________________ … The role of trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes … The role of trees on farms and in agricultural landscapes

15. Strategic Importance of Agroforestry Science-based solutions to problems faced by smallholder farmers Environment, Biodiversity Farmers and Production systems Leveraging Benefits Benefits and rewards Improved on-farm productivity Building assets Generating income Livelihood options Reduced pressure on natural habitats Landscape connectivity Habitat restoration Ecosystem resilience

16. Vision and Mission Our Vision… A rural transformation in the developing world resulting in massive increase in the use of trees in agricultural landscapes by smallholder households for better food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy and environmental sustainability Our Mission… To generate science-based knowledge about the complex roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use our research to foster policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment. Our Vision… A rural transformation in the developing world resulting in massive increase in the use of trees in agricultural landscapes by smallholder households for better food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, energy and environmental sustainability Our Mission… To generate science-based knowledge about the complex roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use our research to foster policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment.

17. Strategic Priority Areas Agroforestry for Livelihoods - transformation effects on well being Agroforestry and Environment - multifunctional landscapes to avoid degradation and promote resilience Agroforestry and Institutions - linking knowledge to action Agroforestry for Livelihoods - transformation effects on well being Agroforestry and Environment - multifunctional landscapes to avoid degradation and promote resilience Agroforestry and Institutions - linking knowledge to action

18. Multifunctional landscapes Land Restoration MarketsOn-farm Productivity Germplasm Climate Change Global Landscapes Farm Tree Six Global Research Priorities Livelihoods Landscapes

19. Global Research Priorities 1.Domestication, utilization and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm 2.Improving on-farm productivity of trees and agroforestry systems 3.Improving tree product marketing for smallholders 4.Assessing land quality and targeting agroforestry interventions 5.Agroforestry for adaptation and mitigation of climate change 6.Policies and incentives for multi-functional landscapes with trees that provide environmental services 1.Domestication, utilization and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm 2.Improving on-farm productivity of trees and agroforestry systems 3.Improving tree product marketing for smallholders 4.Assessing land quality and targeting agroforestry interventions 5.Agroforestry for adaptation and mitigation of climate change 6.Policies and incentives for multi-functional landscapes with trees that provide environmental services

20. Global Focus -- targeting the rural poor

21. Emerging Drivers What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics Land degradation assessment methods and rehabilitation strategies for landscapes Working with the Multilateral Organizations World Bank TerrAfrica Programme GEF Land degradation UNEP What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics Land degradation assessment methods and rehabilitation strategies for landscapes Working with the Multilateral Organizations World Bank TerrAfrica Programme GEF Land degradation UNEP

22. Land Degradation Surveillance –continental to field scale

24. Emerging Drivers What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics  Vision of multi-functional agriculture for ecosystem services What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics  Vision of multi-functional agriculture for ecosystem services

26. Multi Functional Agriculture

27. How can agroforestry… 1) Better protect natural biodiversity in protected areas? 2) Enhance natural biodiversity in agricultural landscapes? 3) Enhance agroforestry tree diversity in landscapes? 4) Conserve and enhance agroforestry tree genetic diversity? How can agroforestry… 1) Better protect natural biodiversity in protected areas? 2) Enhance natural biodiversity in agricultural landscapes? 3) Enhance agroforestry tree diversity in landscapes? 4) Conserve and enhance agroforestry tree genetic diversity? Agroforestry & Biodiversity

28. Emerging Drivers What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics  Vision of multi-functional agriculture for ecosystem services  Addressing climate change What are the emerging drivers?  Addressing pervasive land degradation in the tropics  Vision of multi-functional agriculture for ecosystem services  Addressing climate change

29. 20 % of gross GHGs are emitted by land use change and deforestation The climate change community is beginning to seriously turn its attention to forestry and agriculture. Two critical messages from the Climate Change Convention in Bali (Dec 2007): -- Invest in avoided deforestation -- Invest in smallholder carbon & poverty reduction The climate change community is beginning to seriously turn its attention to forestry and agriculture. Two critical messages from the Climate Change Convention in Bali (Dec 2007): -- Invest in avoided deforestation -- Invest in smallholder carbon & poverty reduction

30. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Courtesy Ian Noble, IPCC SP Report 2000

31. Smallholder carbon bio-sequestration and poverty reduction methodologies: Toolbox for design & best practices Multilateral Organizations Global NGO community World Bank Biocarbon FundWWF UNDP MDG CarbonCARE GEF Clinton Foundation UNEPGreen Belt Movement Smallholder carbon bio-sequestration and poverty reduction methodologies: Toolbox for design & best practices Multilateral Organizations Global NGO community World Bank Biocarbon FundWWF UNDP MDG CarbonCARE GEF Clinton Foundation UNEPGreen Belt Movement

32. 1km

33. Tree cover related to minimum reliable estimates for carbon

34. AF in the Humid Tropics & C Stocks 100 0 200 300 400 Primary Forest Managed forest Tree-based systems Crops, Pastures, Grasslands Vegetation Carbon Soil Carbon (Mg ha -1 ) From ASB Climate Change Working Group,Palm et al.

35. Consequences Agroforestry now seen as at the ‘heart’ of the three environmental conventions

36. Policy Dimensions Links to national policies addressing poverty, food security and environmental sustainability Implementation framework for major conventions – Biodiversity (CBD), climate change (UNFCCC), and desertification (UNCCCD) Delivering on the Millennium Development Goals – hunger, poverty, environmental sustainability Links to national policies addressing poverty, food security and environmental sustainability Implementation framework for major conventions – Biodiversity (CBD), climate change (UNFCCC), and desertification (UNCCCD) Delivering on the Millennium Development Goals – hunger, poverty, environmental sustainability