1. Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health

2. Theories of Emotion

3. Theories of emotions Emotion – defined in terms of these components:
Physiological arousal
Expressive behavior
Conscious experience

4. Consciously experienced thoughts
You interpret or appraise some stimulus (an event, object, or thought) in terms of your well-being
“Bethany interpreted the shark attack as a very serious threat to her well-being and survival”

5. Expressive Behaviors
These are overt or observable behaviors, such as fearful facial expression, fast paced walking, smiling or crying
Bethany would have had fear on her face; she would have begun to rapidly paddle toward the beach or away from the shark; perhaps kicking and flailing about

6. Physiological arrousal
These are responses such as changes in heart rate or breathing, adrenal pumping, causing arousal
Bethany would have experienced a racing heart rate, adrenal rush leading her to perhaps swim away fast

8. Theories of emotions
James-Lange theory

9. James-Lange
Our brains interpret specific changes as emotions and that there is a different physical pattern underlying each emotion
Ex. If you see a bear, you are frightened because you run…rather than run because you are frightened
The shark triggers changes in facial muscles of Bethany; her brain interprets feedback from these facial muscles; this muscle feedback result in feeling of fear; she screams

10. Theories of emotions
Cannon-Bard theory

11. Cannon-Bard
Bethany sees the shark; she simultaneously experiences the racing heart rate, adrenaline rush AND the subjective emotion FEAR

12. Theories of emotions
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer

13. Schachter-Singer Experiment
Subject injected with hormone “epinephrine” (adrenaline)…but told it was vitamins
Caused increased heart rate and blood pressure
Subjects placed in (a) Happy situation or (b) Angry situation
Subjects reported feeling the way their “situation” dictated – “happy” if in happy situation and ….
Subjects therefore were interpreting the environmental cues as the cause of their arousal
CONCLUSION: your cognitive processes (thoughts, interpretations, appraisal of situation) can trigger emotions

14. Theories of emotions

16. Embodied Emotion

17. See “Emotions” video clip AP Psyc file under “Motivation”

18. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system
Arousing; adrenal glands release stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine….energy enhancing
Bethany would experience this arousal; more sugar would be poured into her bloodstream; increased respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, blood to her large muscles to allow her to kick, swim harder/faster

19. Autonomic continued Parasympathetic nervous system
Calming; neural centers inhibit release of the hormones; arousal slowly diminishes
Bethany’s heart rate, pressure, respiration, muscle tension would begin to slow once she was safely on the beach being tended to by medical personel
Moderate arousal is ideal

20. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

21. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion
Spill over effect
Schachter-Singer experiment
Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

22. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
Influence of the amygdala

24. The amygdala
It monitors and evaluates whether stimuli have positive (happy) or negative (fearful) emotional significance for our well-being and survival
It is like the Guard Dog constantly sniffing out threats and gives us an evolutionary advantage in terms of survival
When damaged, individuals see all faces as more trustworthy

25. Expressed Emotion

26. Detecting Emotion
Nonverbal cues
Duchenne smile

27. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

28. The Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial feedback

29. Experienced Emotion

30. Anger Anger Evoked by events Catharsis
Expressing anger can increase anger

31. Happiness
Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Well-being

32. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison
Happiness and Prior Experience
Adaptation-level phenomenon
Happiness and others’ attainments
Relative deprivation

33. Happiness Predictors of Happiness

34. Stress and Health

35. Introduction
Health psychology
Behavioral medicine

36. Stress and Illness
Stress
Stress appraisal

37. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Alarm
Resistance
exhaustion

38. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

39. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

40. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

41. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

42. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events
Catastrophes
Significant life changes
Daily hassles

43. Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B

44. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
Psychophysiological illnesses
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Stress and AIDS
Stress and Cancer

45. The End

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47. Teacher Information
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48. Teacher Information Continuity slides
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Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

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52. Definition Slides

53. Emotion
= a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

54. James-Lange Theory
= the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

55. Cannon-Bard Theory
= the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

56. Two-factor Theory
= the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

57. Polygraph
= a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

58. Facial Feedback
= the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

59. Catharsis
= emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

60. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon
= people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

61. Well-being
= self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

62. Adaptation-level Phenomenon
= our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

63. Relative Deprivation
= the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

64. Behavioral Medicine
= an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

65. Health Psychology
= a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

66. Stress
= the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

67. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
= Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

68. Coronary Heart Disease
= the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

69. Type A
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

70. Type B
= Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

71. Psychophysiological Illness
= literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

72. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
= the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

73. Lymphocytes
= the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.