2. American Foreign Policy: 1920-1941 Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

3. Foreign Policy Tensions InterventionistsIsolationists Collective security Collective security “Wilsonianism” “Wilsonianism” Business interests Business interests Nativists Nativists Anti-War movement Anti-War movement Conservatives (Republicans) Conservatives (Republicans)

4. American Isolationism 5 Isolationists like Senator Lodge, refused to allow the US to sign the Versailles Treaty. 5 Security treaty with France also rejected by the Senate. 5 July, 1921  Congress passed a resolution declaring WW I officially over! Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge, Sr. [R-MA]

5. Washington Disarmament Conference (1921-1922) 5 1 st international conference held in US 5 Goals  naval disarmament to avert a US/Japan/Britain arms race; and define and stabilize the political situation in East Asia.

6. Five-Power Treaty (1922) 5 A battleship ratio was achieved through this ratio, based on tonnage displaced: US Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67 525,000 315,000 525,000 315,000 5 Treaty remained in effect for 14 years (Japan abrogated in 1936) 5 Loophole  limited or no restrictions on small warships 5 Ex: Japan allowed 53,000 tons of subs, which displace only 1000-2000 tons each

7. European Debts to the US

8. Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

9. Dawes Plan (1924)

10. Young Plan (1930) 5 For three generations, you’ll have to slave away! 5 $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years. 5 By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.

11. Locarno Pact (1925) 5 Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. 5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only 5 Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

12. Clark Memorandum (1928) 5 Clark pledged that the US would not intervene in Latin American affairs in order to protect US property rights. 5 This was a complete rebuke of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine! Secretary of State J. Reuben Clark

13. Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) 5 15 nations dedicated to outlawing aggression and war as tools of foreign policy. 5 62 nations signed. 5 Problems  no means of actual enforcement and gave Americans a false sense of security.

14. Japanese Attack Manchuria (1931) 5 League of Nations condemned the action. 5 Japan leaves the League. 5 Hoover wanted no part in an American military action in the Far East.

15. Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine (1932) 5 US would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were achieved by force. 5 Japan was infuriated because the US had conquered new territories a few decades earlier. 5 Japan attacks Shanghai, Jan-Feb 1932  massive casualties.

16. FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy 5 Important to have all nations in the Western Hemisphere united in lieu of foreign aggressions. 5 FDR  The good neighbor respects himself and the rights of others. 5 Policy of non- intervention and cooperation.

17. FDR Recognizes the Soviet Union (late 1933) 5 FDR felt that recognizing Moscow might bolster the US against Japan. 5 Maybe trade with the USSR would help the US economy during the Depression.

18. Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 5President can set tariffs – aimed especially at removing barriers to trade with Latin American nations 5President given bilateral negotiating authority – trade agreements don’t have to be ratified by Congress 5Far-reaching precedent – the Act is often credited with initiating the era of liberal trade policy in which we’re still living today

19. Nye Committee Hearings (1934-1936) 5 The Nye Committee I investigated the charge that WW I was needless and the US entered so munitions owners could make big profits [“merchants of death.”] 5 The Committee did charge that bankers wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. 5 Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters. 5 Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts. Senator Gerald P. Nye [R-ND]

20. “I hate war” Speech, Aug 14 1936 5"We shun political commitments which might entangle us in foreign wars. We avoid connection with the political activities of the League of Nations... I hate war. I have passed unnumbered hours, I shall pass unnumbered hours, thinking and planning how war may be kept from this Nation."

21. Quarantine Speech, Oct 5 1937 5FDR states desire to “quarantine of the aggressor nations,” presumably through economic sanctions  Taken to refer to Italy, Germany, and Japan 5Public response mixed; isolationists not happy 5“The thesis of [Roosevelt's “Quarantine Speech”] is, I imagine, to bring about world peace by painting angel faces on cannon balls.” »Percy Crosby, creator of the popular “Skippy” comic strip character and its associated marketing empire. Your perspective on FDR might undergo some revision if you look up the story of Crosby’s destruction and the role played in it by both FDR and Skippy brand peanut butter

22. Ludlow Amendment (1938) 5 A proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. 5 Introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow. 5 Never actually passed. Congressman Louis Ludlow [D-IN]

23. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 5 When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:  Prohibited sales of arms to belligerent nations.  Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations.  Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I].  Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and- carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up.  Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 5This limited the options of the President in a crisis. 5America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

24. US Neutrality

25. Panay Incident (1937) 5 December 12, 1937. 5 Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River. 5 The river was an international waterway. 5 Japan was testing US resolve! 5 Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. 5 Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. 5 Results  Japanese interpreted US tone as a license for further aggression against US interests.

26. Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) The American “Lincoln Brigade”

27. Fascist Aggression 5 1935: Hitler denounced the Versailles Treaty & the League of Nations [re-arming!] Mussolini attacks Ethiopia. 5 1936: German troops sent into the Rhineland. Fascist forces sent to fight with Franco in Spain. 5 1938: Austrian Anschluss. Rome-Berlin Tokyo Pact [AXIS] Munich Agreement  APPEASEMENT! 5 1939: German troops march into the rest of Czechoslovakia. Hitler-Stalin Non-Aggression Pact. 5 September 1, 1939: German troops march into Poland  blitzkrieg  WW II begins!!!

28. 1939 Neutrality Act 5 In response to Germany’s invasion of Poland. 5 FDR persuades Congress in special session to allow the US to aid European democracies in a limited way:  The US could sell weapons to the European democracies on a “cash-and-carry” basis.  FDR was authorized to proclaim danger zones which US ships and citizens could not enter. 5Results of the 1939 Neutrality Act:  Aggressors could not send ships to buy US munitions.  The US economy improved as European demands for war goods helped bring the country out of the 1937-38 recession. 5America becomes the “Arsenal of Democracy.”

29. “America First” Committee Charles Lindbergh

30. “Lend-Lease” Act (1941) Great Britain.........................$31 billion Soviet Union...........................$11 billion France......................................$ 3 billion China.......................................$1.5 billion Other European.................$500 million South America...................$400 million The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

31. Pearl Harbor

32. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

33. Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Plane

34. A date which will live in infamy! Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941

35. FDR Signs the War Declaration

36. USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

37. 2,887 Americans Dead! Pearl Harbor Memorial

38. Pacific Theater of Operations

39. “Tokyo Rose”

40. Paying for the War

43. Betty Grable: Allied Pinup Girl ( She Reminded Men What They Were Fighting For)