1. STOWAGE OF CARGO -Basically, there are two types of cargo : bulk / general cargo  : bulk cargoes present little difficulty in stowage, as they tend to be conveyed in specialized vessels between two ports, and are usually loaded and discharged by mechanical means.  Cargoes must be adequately ventilated during the voyage.  : Such cargoes are conveyed in cargo liners.  An increasing volume of cargo is conveyed in containers.  Cargo for later or 'deep' ports on the voyage has to be loaded  first, and that for earlier ports loaded last.

2. Four main factors to consider in the stowage of cargo  1. The best possible should be made of the ship's dead-weight and cubic capacity. Hence, broken stowage, which is space wasted in the ship by cargo of irregular-shaped packages, or irregularity of cargo spaces, should be kept to a minimum consistent with the general stability of the ship.

3. Four main factors to consider in the stowage of cargo  2. Associated with the previous factor, is the need to prevent damage to the ship.  3. Similarly, cargo which is fragile, taints very easily, is liable to leakage, scratches easily, has strong odours, or is liable to sweat requires proper segregation. Otherwise the shipowner will be faced with heavy claims and possible loss of much goodwill amongst shippers.

4. Four main factors to consider in the stowage of cargo  4. Finally, a proper segregation of stowage of different consignments for various ports must be made, to prevent delay in discharging and avoid double handling, which is not only costly and increases the risk of cargo damage and pilferage, but also increases turn-round time.

5. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : Apples are packed in cases, boxes, cartons or pallet boxes and stowed at a temperature of about 1 ℃. If the temperature is too high, the fruit become sticky and soft. Apples breath after being picked, and are individually wrapped in chemically treated paper to help absorb carton dioxide. Their stowage factor is about 2.266, and they are mainly shipped in fruit carriers or cargo liners, with suitable accommodation.

6. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : Butter is packed in cases, cartons, boxes, or kegs, with a stowage factor varying from 1.558 to 1.699. It's normally conveyed in cargo liners with refrigerated space, or in specialized refrigerated vessels.  : Cement may be shipped in five-or six-ply paper bags, containers, or conveyed in bulk. With a stowage factor varying from 1.0 to 1.133, it is most suitable for single deck vessels. It must be stowed flat and tightly wedged from side to side, to avoid movement and subsequently splitting of the bags. The holds must be absolutely dry and the cargo stowed clear of the ship's sides, so that any condensation will run free down the plates.

7. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO   : Coal constitute a dangerous cargo. It is liable to spontaneous combustion, especially on long voyage, and therefore, it is undesirable for it to be shipped with acids or chemicals. Coal is liable to shift on a long voyage. It therefore must be well trimmed into the sides and ends of the holds if a full cargo is to be loaded, to maintain the ship's stability.   : Coffee is packed in hessian bags. It must be kept dry and taints very easily. It is normally shipped in cargo liners with 'tween decks.

8. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in many forms if packing, the most common of which are cartons. It has a somewhat high stowage factor, and must be given cool and not.  : is usually shipped in bulk, but small shipments may be carried in second hand bags.  -gives off oily odours and should therefore never be shipped with such commodities as tea or sugar.  -is liable to heat  -must not come in contact with the sides of the ship.

9. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in pressed bales.  -highly inflammable, and liable to spontaneous combustion if shipped damp or greasy.  -should be kept dry and must not come in contact with ironwork of the ship.  : are conveyed in crates or cases.  -Raw eggs can be refrigerated down to about 2 ℃, but must not be frozen  -Cooked shelled eggs are shipped in a frozen condition in tins.

10. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in bales both under deck and on deck.  -is liable to spontaneous combustion.  -must be well ventilated.  : are shipped in bulk or bags.  -should be kept dry  -Main shipments originate in Western Europe, Morocco and the US.

11. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is generally shipped in bags.  -must be kept dry  -It taints very easily, and is subject to weevil damage.  -Main shipments originate in the UK, the USA, Australia and Canada.  : is usually shipped in bales by liner tonnage.  -is liable to spontaneous combustion  -shipments originate in India and Pakistan

12. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped frozen in refrigerated holds, at a temperature of - 10 ℃ or is chilled at -3 ℃.  -Main shipments originate in Australasia and the Argentina  -is normally shipped in liner tonnage

13. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : vehicles are frequently shipped unpacked to reduce weight.  -Each vehicles must be individually secured  -Space must be left round each vehicle to avoid damage by scratching or rubbing.  -More recently, a limited number of ships have been adapted by incorporating skeleton decks built into the holds to which the vehicles are secured thus in effect increasing the number of 'tween decks.  -The decks can be removed either wholly or partly for the return voyage, thus allowing cargoes of a different nature to be carried  -Main shipments originate in the UK, Sweden, Japan, USA, France, Italy and Germany.

14. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : are conveyed in bulk or bags.  -They are liable to spontaneous combustion  -Main shipments originate in India and Nigeria  -Most suitable for single-deck vessels when carried in bulk  : are shipped in boxes and cartons.  -should not be stowed anywhere near cargo liable to taint  -Main shipments originate in Spain, Israel and South Africa  -Usually shipped in 'tween deck vessels

15. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in bags  -is liable to heat and sweat.  -good ventilation is essential  -Main shipments originate in Burma, Italy, Thailand, Egypt and Brazil  -Shipments are usually made in 'tween-deck vessels  : is conveyed in bags, bales or cases.  -Main shipments originate in Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa  -conveyed in liners operating in these trades

16. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in loose or in bundles in single-deck vessels when conveyed in bulk  -small consignments may be carried by cargo liners  -Main shipments originate in South Wales, North East England, and the US  : is packed in hogsheads, bales or cases.  -It is cargo that taints very easily  -Main shipments originate in the USA and South Africa.  -is conveyed in 'tween-deck vessels

17. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : are shipped in drums or barrels  -a small amount of leakage is almost unavoidable  -More recently, It has been shipped in bulk in glass-lined tanks, which have overcome this problem  -is usually shipped in cargo liners  -Main shipments originate in South Africa, Australia, France and Spain

18. TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CARGO  : is shipped in pressed bales or large bags.  -is an inflammable cargo  -needs to be kept dry  -should be stowed clear of the ship's sides to avoid sweat and rust damage.