1. Biochemistry Organic Compounds

2. What are organic compounds? Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt) ALL LIVING THINGS CONTAIN CARBON.

3. Organic Compounds Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur are found in all living things “CHONPS” or “SPONCH”

4. Monomers and Polymers Monomers = building blocks (units) Polymers = a larger molecule made of monomers Analogy Example- If a brick house is the “polymer”, what is the “monomer”? _________________ Monomers link together to form polymers. MONO means “one”. POLY means “many”. Brick

5. Four types of Organic Compounds Organic Compounds fall into four categories: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Protein 4.Nucleic Acids Organic Compounds are also known as MACROMOLECULES (macro means BIG )

6. 1. Carbohydrates monosaccharides – monomers of simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides, starch (plant energy storage) and glycogen (animal energy storage)

7. Carbohydrates Polysaccharides as Structural Molecules: Cellulose - glucose bonded to form "fibers", composes cell walls in plants (cotton is almost pure cellulose); not easily digested Chitin - polymer of glucose, makes up exoskeletons of insects and arthropods such as scorpions and crabs.

8. Carbohydrates Find the monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide:

9. Carbohydrates CARBO-(carbon)-HYDR-(hydrogen)-ATE (oxygen) Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Example- glucose C 6 H 12 O 6

10. 2. Lipids Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) (Oil and water don’t mix) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (Fat) Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone)

11. Lipids Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids

12. Lipids Lipids REPEL water. Plants have a waxy layer made of lipids on their leaves (helps keep water in). Many aquatic birds have a waxy lipid layer on their feathers (repel water to keep feathers dry). Fat is a lipid- we use it to store excess energy.

13. Lipids Phospholipids found in cell membrane. They make sure the cell can’t disintegrate in water (maintain the cell’s integrity).

14. Lipids Fats can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule Saturated fats solidify at room temperature; unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature

15. Lipids- Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats Saturated fats have single bonds and are solid at room temperature (the “S” rule!) Unsaturated fats have double bonds, which create kinks (makes them loose and bendy). They are liquid at room temperature.

16. Saturated or Unsaturated? ________________________ _________________________ (contains single bonds)(contains double bonds) Saturated Unsaturated

17. 3. Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion Amino Acids are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins!

18. Proteins There are thousands of proteins- but only 20 different amino acids. Think of it as if you had to make one thousand different sweaters with only 20 different colors of yarn. How would you do that?

19. Proteins The function of the protein has everything to do with the SHAPE of the protein. There are many different ways that proteins can fold in order to make different shapes- protein folding is very complex!

20. 4. Nucleic Acids Polymers made of individual nucleotides Contain genetic Information DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) (Nucleotides are the monomers).

21. Nucleic Acids Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogen base - adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)

22. Nucleic Acids ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains three phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies) ATP is an RNA nucleotide with two extra phosphates- does not contain genetic information. ATP STORES ENERGY.

23. Let’s Practice!!

24. What is it?