1. Phloem Two types of cells: sieve tube members with no nuclei for transport and companion cells to support the sieve tube members via plasmodesmata cell junctions. Large pores or sieve plates connect individual sieve tube members. Carry sugars (sap) source to sink. Source is where it is made and sink is where it is used or stored.

2. Movement Where sugar is made cells have more solute concentration Water enters due to increased sugar Pressure goes up causing material to move to adjacent cell via bulk flow This continues until it gets to the sink. Pressure at the sink builds, but this is where sugars are being utilized so that pressure is offset.

3. Xylem Xylem: composed of two types of cells that are both dead at maturity. Both are connected by pits or perforations at the ends. Tracheids are tapered at the end whereas vessel members form a more blunt end. Vessels are more advanced as the perforations at the end allow for more efficient water and mineral transfer. They move water from roots (root hairs) to the needed cells in the plant.

4. Primary growth in root Roots have three regions: cell division (mitosis counting), elongation, and maturation or differentiation depending on the text. Root cap protects zone of cell division. Root hairs grow from zone of maturation. Apical meristem is a region of cell division at the root tips and shoot tips.

5. Secondary growth Secondary growth is slower and makes the plant wider. It occurs at two lateral meristems (regions of cell division). The first is the vascular cambium. It makes new secondary xylem on the inside that becomes wood and secondary phloem on the outside that increases the circumference of the tree causing the skin to split. The second lateral meristem is the cork cambium that makes cork cells on the outside that protect and waterproof. This outer growth region is called the bark.

6. Seedling parts Epicotyl (above cotyledon) is the shoot tip Cotyledons: seed leaves from seed itself. Hypocotyl: (below cotyledon) Radicle: embryonic root Coleoptile: in monocots a protective sheath around the epicotyl