2. 1 Macromolecules

3. 2 Carbon (C) Carbon4 valence electronsCarbon has 4 valence electrons (bonding e - in highest energy level) Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms. C, H, O or N –4 Bonds may be single bonds, usually with C, H, O or N. –Carbon can also form double and triple bonds –Phosphorus and Sulfur will also be in the bonds to the Oxygen and Carbons

4. 3 Macromolecules ORGANIC Compounds are carbon based.ORGANIC Compounds are carbon based. Macromolecules organic moleculesMacromolecules are LARGE organic molecules. Are also called POLYMERS made from smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS

5. 4 Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed?

6. ANSWER: Remove WATER This process is called dehydration synthesis which means to put together by removing water. Remove the hydroxyl ( –OH) group off of one monomer Remove a hydrogen off of the second monomer H with the OH makes H 2 O

7. Chemical Reactions Chemical Bonds are broken and new Bonds are formed to form the Macromolecules 6

8. 7 http://cnx.org/content/m47185/latest/ + H 2 O

9. 8 Question: How are Macromolecules separated and digested?

10. 9 Answer: Hydrolysis Hydro “Water”, Lyse “to break” –To break apart using water polymers“adding water”Separates polymers by “adding water” HO HH H H2OH2O

11. 10 Carbohydrates

12. 11 Carbohydrates Small andlarge sugar moleculesSmall and large sugar molecules. Function: The main source of energy for cellular work Format: Composed of C, H, and O where Hydrogen to Oxygen Ratio is 2:1 Suffix “ose” Examples: monosaccharides (simplest sugars), disaccharides, polysaccharides

13. 12 Carbohydrates Monosaccharides these are one sugar unit Example:glucose Disaccharide: two sugar unit Example: Sucrose ( glucose+fructose ) Maltose ( glucose + glucose ) glucose glucoseglucose

14. 13 Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: many sugar units Examples:starch (plant’s energy storage) glycogen (in liver & muscles) glycogen (in liver & muscles) cellulose (plant walls) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

15. Example Forming Sucrose Balanced Equation C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6  C 12 H 22 O 11 + H 2 O 14 | glucose | fructose

16. 15 ISOMERS – Same Formula, Different structures due to bonding locations http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook

17. 16 Lipids

18. 17Lipids not soluble in waterAre nonpolar fats and oils that are not soluble in water. are soluble in nonpolar solvents hydrophobic solvents which are“water fearing”Lipids are soluble in nonpolar solvents which are hydrophobic solvents which are“water fearing” Format: Composed of C, H, and O but formula has a greater than 2:1 hydrogen to oxygen ratio Example: C 18 H 36 O 2

19. 18 Major Function of a Lipid Major Function:stores energy for long termMajor Function: stores energy for long term Examples: Fats, Phospholipids, Oils, Waxes, Steroid hormones, TriglyceridesExamples: Fats, Phospholipids, Oils, Waxes, Steroid hormones, Triglycerides

20. 19 Lipids Other Functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.insulation 3. cushions organs 4.Chemical messengers (hormones) 5.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

21. 20 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

22. Omega-3 Fatty Acid

23. 22 Fatty Acids fatty acids. There are two kinds of fatty acids. (You have seen these on food labels) 1.Saturated fatty acids: no Carbon to Carbon double bonds (C=C), carbon is saturated with hydrogens (bad – solids at room temp come from ANIMALS) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds between the carbons, so less hydrogens in the structure (better for your health, liquids at room temp come from PLANTS)

24. 23 Check out the Single vs. Double bonds… http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm

25. 24 http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm

26. 25 Proteins

27. 26 Proteins Monomer of Proteins are the Amino Acids (20 different kinds of AA) peptide bondsAA bond together by peptide bonds –Attachment is a Carbon to Nitrogen single bond. Format: All Contain C, H, O, N some have S. Contain amino (-NH 2 ) and carboxylFormat: All Contain C, H, O, N some have S. Contain amino (-NH 2 ) and carboxyl (–COOH) functional groups. Dehydration synthesis removes the H from the amino group and the OH from the carboxyl group.Dehydration synthesis removes the H from the amino group and the OH from the carboxyl group.

28. 27 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

29. 28 Functions of Proteins Functions of proteins: Enzymes: speed up reactions Aid in Transportation in and out of cell. Regulates hormones (For example: insulin) Aid in Movement (controls actions in muscles) Defense: antibodies of the immune system Structures of membranes, hair, nails

30. Proteins Common suffix -ase Amylase, protease, isomerase, ligase, others: trypsin, pepsin Optimal temperature and pH required for proper enzyme (protein) function 29

31. Enzymes Speed Up Reactions 30 http://www.cikguhafiz.com/v1/webcikguhafiz /images/kuiz/enzyme2.png

32. Denaturing Destroys the Protein Too hot, too acidic, too basic ruins the active site for the protein. Activity graph show a drop off in rate. Go back to previous graph, where does the enzyme denature? http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/ 0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/an imation__protein_denaturation.htmlhttp://highered.mheducation.com/sites/ 0072943696/student_view0/chapter2/an imation__protein_denaturation.html 31

33. 32 Nucleic Acids

34. 33 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotidesdehydration synthesisNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. Function: genetic programming Formula Format: C, H, N, O, and now P (Phosphorus)

35. 34 Nucleic acids Monomer is a NucleotideMonomer is a Nucleotide – Which includes the following three things: phosphate group phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) pentose sugar (5-carbon) Deoxyribose in DNA Ribose in RNA nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T) DNA only, cytosine (C) guanine (G) uracil (U) RNA only

36. 35 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

37. 36 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 5 3 G C TA

38. 37 Two DNA Strands Connect Together… Cytosine bonds to Guanine Adenine bonds to Thymine Notice that a purine will connect with a pyrimidine Double helix bonds at nitrogenous bases by a HYDROGEN BOND –Not a true “bond”, but an attraction of one molecule’s slight Positive charge (due to polar bonding) to a lone pair of electrons on the opposing molecule.

39. 38 Powerpoint Revised from www.biologycorner.com www.biologycorner.com