1. Age of Revolutions and Rebellions By: Mr. Mitchell

2. Absolutism One person holding ALL of the power within the boundaries of their respected country – Ex: Absolute Monarch (King with all the power) Absolute Rulers – Tokugawa Ieyasu – Tsar Peter the Great – Louis XIV

3. Tokugawa Ieyasu Shogun after Oda Nobunaga – Unified Japan during “Warring States Period” Tokugawa Ieyasu completes the unification of Japan – Creates capital at Edo (AKA TOKYO) – Holds down the daimyo Vassals to the shogun – Ieyasu kept these in check. Made sure he had more power

4. Tsar Peter the Great Czar who wished to reform Russia – Make Russia more modernized, as advanced as the rest of Europe. Russia would become a power in Europe within 30 years – Helped establish St. Petersburg – Russian Orthodox church was now under state control – Advances in education, military, women’s rights, etc

5. Louis XIV Most powerful absolute ruler of France…ever Also known as the “Sun King” Known for – Weakening power of nobles, increasing power of intendants (government officials) – Construction of Versailles – Advances/growth in arts – War of Spanish Succession (Massive war debt from this)

6. Chinese and Japanese Interactions with the West China – Wanted to remain isolated from the west – Qing Dynasty would eventually allow ambassadors in trade relations from Europe Europeans want to find a commodity that Chinese would buy in bulk – OPIUM (used by Chinese doctors for medicinal reasons) – Many Chinese get addicted to this

7. Opium War 1839-1842 British smugglers bring/sell opium illegally in China – Produced in India After many Chinese get addicted to opium, many opium warehouses and destroy them – British declare war on China, almost easily defeat them. – Treaty of Nanjing Britain gains control of Hong Kong 5 more ports opened for trade

8. Taiping Rebellion 1853-1864 Peasant revolt in China against the Qing Dynasty over problems including – Poor becoming more poor, no government help in reforming this. – Corruption and unlawful taxes Around 20 million die from this conflict

9. Commodore Matthew Perry Japan is completely isolated, no contact with industrialized nations (AKA THE WEST) – Refused to trade Commodore Perry and his fleet sail to Japan – Goal: Make Japan open up to trade with us. Orders by President Fillmore – Shogun of Japan allows trade, upsets many Japanese

10. Revolutions!!! Thanks to the Enlightenment, as well as citizens becoming increasingly tired of oppression, there was a rise in revolutions in the world during this time period. Most popular ones include… – Glorious Revolution in England (1689) – American Revolution (1776) – French Revolution (1789) – Haitian Revolution (1791) – Latin American Revolutions (1808-1825)

11. Glorious Revolution Occurred in England – England at this time is having issues over divine right rulers – Monarchy, for a brief period of time, was abolished but later restored (Restoration) Overthrowing of King James II (No bloodshed) – William of Orange (Netherlands) and Mary – Parliament regains power, establishes England as a Constitutional Monarchy Shift in ruling power from a monarch to parliament Passage of Bill of Rights to place limits on king

12. American Revolution British government taxes American colonists with… – Stamp Act: Tax on printed materials – Sugar Act: Tax on sugar, goods that use it as well Colonists wish for their own government – Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers such as… Rousseau: Social Contract Montesquieu: Separation of powers John Locke: If you dislike your government, YOU can overthrow it

13. Haitian Revolution Revolt of many African slaves against their French masters. – Tired of inhumane, cruel treatment from masters Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – Slaves in Haiti took control of entire island. – Eventually, Toussaint gets captured by the French and dies in the Alps. In 1804, despite Toussaint being captured, Haiti declares itself as an independent colony. – 1 st ever black colony to free themselves from Europe

14. Latin American Revolutions Peninsulares: Spaniards actually born in Spain. Top of Spanish-American society, though they are a small percentage Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America Mestizos: Mixed Spanish/Euro descent and Native American ancestry Mulattos: People of mixed African slave and Euro descent.

15. Famous Creole generals – Simon Bolivar (Venezuela) – Jose de San Martin (Argentina) Simon Bolivar – Declared Venezuela’s independence in 1811 – Won battles in Colombia as well before eventually teaming up with Jose de San Martin. Combination of both armies helped win a decisive battle against the Spanish in Peru. Jose de San Martin – Declares Argentina’s independence in 1816. – Helped free Chile as well

16. Mexico and Brazil become free Padre Miguel Hidalgo helps lead Mexico to independence from Spain. – Eventually defeated, but will gain independence later on. Dom Pedro is elected after numerous petitions signed by native Brazilians, Creoles.

17. French Revolution Things that led to the French Revolution – High taxes – Change in philosophical thinking – Wishes for social, political reforms – Inequality of the Estates (social classes of the Old Regime) The Estates – 1 st Estate: Clergy (PAYING FEWER TAXES) – 2 nd Estate: Nobles (Most of whom were wealthy) PAID ALMOST NO TAXES AT ALL – 3 rd Estate: Middle/Lower classes 80 PERCENT OF POPULATION Third Estate is highly influenced by American Revolution

18. French Revolution continued… Louis XVI increases the country’s debt. Louis XVI calls for the Estates-General (meeting of the estates) – Third Estate wants the votes to be based on representation numbers by each estate, king denies them. Third Estate creates the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: vow to end absolute monarchy – Wish to take lands from churches, nobles – Tennis Court Oath:3 rd estate folk go to open tennis court, draw up new constitution. Jacobins and other radical groups attempt to control the revolution. – Usage of guillotine to punish those against them Ran by Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre) Storming of the Bastille: July 14 th, 1789

19. Napoleon Bonaparte Comes to power at “the right time” – France was still going through a revolution, in need of a strong leader. – Napoleon Sets up Napoleonic Code – Code of laws which helped Napoleon become an absolute ruler politically and militarily in France

20. Napoleon’s dream of French Expansion Wished for the rest of Europe, the Americas, and West Indes to be under French control. – Failed to totally own the Americas, but did sell the Louisiana Territory to Thomas Jefferson – Expanded empire in Europe to Austria and Switzerland Blockaded Britain, hoping to cripple their economy but FAILED Conflicts with Spain and Russia – Attempted to invade Russia, but failed Weather and massive forces of Russians defeated him Napoleon exiled to Elba, but would return after 100 days. – Led army to Waterloo in Belgium and was once again…DEFEATED Napoleon exiled to St. Helena