1. 1 Macromolecules “The molecules of life”

2. Organic Chemistry All living things are mostly composed of 6 elements: C, H, N, O, P, S Compounds are broken down into 2 general categories: Inorganic Compounds: –Do not contain carbon Organic compounds –Contain significant amountsof carbon. –Often found with common "functional groups"

3. Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncan form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. 3 Example:CH 4 (methane)

4. 5 Macromolecules LARGE organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS (poly- means “many”) – Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS (mono- means“one”) 4 types: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

5. Monomer vs. Polymer 5

6. Macromolecules are formed from Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HOH HHHO H2OH2O 6

7. Macromolecules are broken down by Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water” HOHHHO HOH H2OH2O 7

8. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made from simple sugars like: glucose and fructose. Carbohydrates store energy. Examples: A.monosaccharide B.disaccharide C.polysaccharide 8

9. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide:one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose

10. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose

11. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen ( muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose 11

12. 14 Lipids Not soluble in water (do not dissolve). Functions: –Store the most energy –Make up cell membranes –Act as chemical messengers (hormones) –Protect and insulate Examples: 1.Fats 2.Phospholipids 3.Oils 4.Waxes 5.Steroid hormones 6.Triglycerides

13. Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. glycerol fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 13 H H-C----O H

14. Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids:no double bonds 2. Unsaturated fatty acids:double bonds O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 (bad) saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH (good) unsaturated 14

15. Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Functions of proteins: 15 1.Storage: 2.Transport: 3.Regulatory: 4.Movement: 5.Structural: 6.Enzymes: albumin (egg white) hemoglobin hormones muscles membranes, hair, nails cellular reactions

16. Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure 16

17. Primary Structure aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) Amino Acids (aa) 20

18. Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Twoexamples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds 18

19. Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of joined poypeptides Bonds:H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet 19

20. Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits 20

21. Nucleic acids Carry the genetic information to make proteins. Two types: a.Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b.Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis. 21

22. Nucleic acids Nucleotides include: phosphate group pentose sugar (5-carbon) nitrogenous bases: adenine (A) thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only cytosine (C) guanine (G) 22

23. 27 Nucleotide O O=P-O O Phosphate Group N Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 CH2 Sugar (deoxyribose)

24. 28 DNA - double helix P P P O O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 3 5 P P P O O 1 2 3 4 5 5 O3O3 5 3 G C TA

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