1. Shae Baga Noemi Perez Max Sakson Period 4

2. Beginnings of Habsburg Power  The Habsburg family may be traced back to the early 10 th century when they originally held lands in Alsace and northwestern Switzerland.  An early Habsburg, Otto, took the name for his family from a castle in Switzerland where he was appointed Count.  The election of Rudolf I as “King of the Germans” caused a war with Ottocar II of Bohemia in which Rudolf won and confirmed the Hapsburg rule over Austria, Cariniola, and Styria.

3. A photo of the original Habsburg castle of which Otto took the name for his family from. A photo of the current Habsburg village which has a population of 433.

4. Albert V of Austria was married to a daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and henceforth the Emperor was always a Austrian Habsburg. Maximilian I reunited the Habsburg domains during the 15 th century. Maximilian I continued to expand on Habsburg land by deciding to acquire land through a variety of marriages rather than waging war. A quote from Maximilian I: “Let others wage war; thou, happy Austria, marry.” Rise of the Habsburg

5. Habsburg During 16c in Green

6. Ascendancy of the Spanish Habsburgs  The marriage of Philip I to Joanna of Castile allowed for their son Carlos I to become the head of the Spanish throne as King in 1516.  The death of Carlos’ grandfather Maximilian in 1519, who was the Holy Roman Emperor, allowed for Carlos I to become Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.  Charles V

7. Division of Habsburg Rule  Charles V divided his empire between his son Phillip II of Spain and his brother Ferdinand of Austria(1521-1564).  From this point on, the Habsburgs remained separated but would cooperate in various European conflicts such as the Thirty Years War.  The Austrian Habsburgs held the title of Holy Roman Emperor after Charles' death in 1558, as well as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands and the Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary

8. Effects of Thirty Years War  The close of 30 Years War marked a fundamental turning point of Austrian Habsburgs, previously with Spanish cousins they hoped to be united  Wanted to unite Germany under Catholicism but the fall of Spanish Habsburgs meant Austrians were on their own.  Through the Treaty of Rastatt 1714, Habsburgs further extended their domains, receiving former Spanish Netherlands and Lombardy in Italy.  Overall, their influence would be based primarily on territories outside of Germany.

9. The War Of Spanish Succession (1702-1714)  European royal houses waited for the death of Charles II(1661-1700), the last Hapsburg ruler of Spain  Louis XIV and Holy Roman Emperor both claimed the right to throne through complicated marriages  However Charles II left a will that Philip V was to be left all his territory  After war, Peace of Utrecht stated Phillip V was to secure Bourbon Spanish throne, but Spain forfeited possessions in Flanders and Italy.  The Spanish Habsburgs died out in 1700s.

10. Leopold I, Joseph, and Charles [Austrian Habsburgs]  Leopold I (1658-1705) achieved Ottoman recognition of his sovereignty over Hungary in 1699 and extended his territorial holdings over the Balkan peninsula.  These conquests allowed Habsburg to hope to develop Mediterranean trade through the port of Trieste on the northern coast of Adriatic Sea and helped compensate for their loss of effective power over Holy Roman Empire.  After, Joseph I(1705-1711) continued Leopold’s policies.  Charles VI(1711-1740): he had no male heir and there was only the weakest of precedents for a female ruler in the Habsburg domains.

11. Cont  Further Charles VI feared his death would be the end of the Austrian Habsburgs, and would face the same fate as the Spanish Habsburgs.  He was determined to prevent that disaster and to provide his domains with legal unity so he spent most of his time seeking approval and documents called the Pragmatic Sanction.  After extracting various concessions from Charles, the nobles of various Habsburg domains also recognized Maria Theresa.

12. The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)  The War Of Austrian Succession began with a cynical attack by Frederick the Great king of Prussia, on Austria in defiance of Pragmatic Sanction.  In continuance of opposition to the Habsburgs, French joined the assault in alliance with Prussia.  Britain joined the fray on the side of the new Habsburg ruler, Maria Theresa (1740-1780)  Although Prussia managed to take Silesia, Maria Theresa was able to prevent Habsburg Empire from disintegration.

13. Boundaries of Austrian Succession

14. Maria Theresa  Maria Theresa, the successor of Charles VI, maintained the lands of the Habsburg empire through local support.  Local support came from various ethnic groups and the nobility by granting them new privileges.  The Magyar nobility was kept happy, nevertheless Maria Theresa prevented ethnic discontent.

15. Reforms by Maria Theresa  Although Maria Theresa reformed much of the Habsburg empire, she was not considered an enlightenment ruler.  She centralized the collection of taxes and combined the administrative offices in the various territories of the empire.  Improvements were seen in the army where it tripled in size, while military academies were founded as well as engineering schools.  Primary education was promoted in the interest of the economy.  Maria Theresa also outlawed capital punishment and torture; also eased the burdens of serfdom.  Her primary goal was to strengthen the state by reforming society to benefit her subjects and easing social burdens.

16. Maria Theresa and Joseph II  Maria Theresa was not considered and enlightenment despot because of her strong loyalty to the Catholic church, but her son Joseph II was.  In 1765 Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II co-ruled in Austria until Maria Theresa’s death in 1780.  Joseph II ruled with more toleration and more enlightenment reforms until 1790.

17. Joseph II reforms  More determined than his mother, Joseph’s goal was to expand and better the empire at the expense of surrounding nations such as Poland, Bavaria, and the Ottoman Empire.  His main goal was to reduce Hungarian authority by increasing Austrian power.  A catholic like his mother, Joseph II allowed more religious toleration in 1781 after Maria Theresa’s death for Lutherans, Calvinists, Greek Orthodox. He allowed them to have places of worship, schools, participate in skilled trades, and hold public offices.

18. Reform continued  By allowing more religious toleration, Joseph relaxed the social burdens on smaller religious groups such as the jews.  Although he allowed religious toleration, Joseph wanted the Roman Catholic Church under royal control in order to reorganize it and allow it to become part of the state.  Joseph also improved economic affairs by abolishing serfdom and granting peasants more freedom.  He wanted to make farmers more productive and industrious through reform

19. Leopold II  After Joseph II, Leopold II, his brother succeeded the thrown.  Making few political and administrative changes, Leopold maintained Joseph’s religious policies and kept power centralized.

20. Austrian Habsburg 1830

21. Revolutions  As the most multi-ethnic of the great powers, Austria wished to repress nationalism and build a system of collective security to maintain a status quo.  During the revolutions, workers and students rebelled in the March in Vienna, causing Metternich to flee to Britain.  Franz Joseph I(1848-1916), became emperor on his father’s abdication.  During his rule, serfdom is abolished throughout the Austrian empire.  Agreed to Constitution 1849.  After the initial nationalist revolts within the Austrian Empire, the new emperor and army reestablished control and crushed further opposition.  Franz Joseph rejected the constitution in 1851 and worked towards the centralization of power, though the ethnicities issues would fester.

22. Dual Monarchy  Ethnic problems within the empire led to the establishment of 2 separate dominions within the empire.  The resolution established the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary which henceforth would have two separate rulers in order to settle the conflicts.  The ethnic problems would continue throughout the century and would eventually lead to its demise.

23. Fall of the Habsburg Empire  The Habsburgs would initiate their fall beginning with the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand.  The murder led to the start of World War I which the Habsburgs would lose and Austria – Hungary would be divided forever.  From now on, the Habsburgs would be exiled from Austria.  The exile was the final event in the end of the magnificent Habsburg Empire.