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Published byDerrick Casey Modified over 8 years ago
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Sara Hsu
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Essential part of reform in China, India and Japan Process by which people settle in cities Creating institutions to satisfy needs of all urban residents has presented challenge Strong pressure to migrate in China/India Positive impacts such as agglomeration Negative impacts such as higher costs of living, denser living spaces, pollution
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Urbanized share of the population grew from 11% in 1867 to 32% by 1932 Urban areas unplanned before WWI Industrial urbanization Central Tokyo became base of industrial production that branched outward Mainly agrarian until 1920 Urban planning began after 1919 w/ City Planning and Land Readjustment Act
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Well-planned infrastructure starting in 1930s, downtowns had taller buildings Munitions-producing cities built in 1940s Towns destroyed during WWII and urban planning used for reconstruction 1960s urbanization of suburban areas was unsuccessful Residents in cities of more than 100 000 people rose from 12% in 1920 to more than 50% by 1970. In 1970, there were 103 cities and metropolitan areas with populations of more than 100 000
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Urbanization and migration linked due to hukou which controls access to cities China has lower level of urbanization Urbanization almost halted under Mao, slow urbanization in 1980s Urbanization sped up in 1990s along w/ industrialization Current reform agenda seeks to increase urban population
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Environmental degradation has resulted from rapid urbanization Rural residents who lost land from urbanization became urban unemployed Agglomeration effects are important in the services sector, which China is promoting Increased consumption complements urbanization process
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Pace of urbanization slower than that in China, but has been steady Population pressures on urban infrastructure and employment Largest cities gaining in population and physical size, economically advanced states have higher levels of urbanization Migrants are temporary urban dwellers due to lack of infrastructure
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Cities with population of over 10 million people Megacities located along the coast, in Beijing, Shanghai, on the Shandong peninsula, and increasingly in the Greater Guangzhou region, Greater Shenyang, and Shenzhen. New megacities are emerging inland, w/ younger population
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Shanghai on east coast, Special City from 1927, rapid development, fast population growth after reform Beijing in northeast, suffers from extreme air pollution and ghetto-like dwellings Shandong in, northeast industrial development, working to expand public services to all urban residents
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Severe sanitation, population, and infrastructure issues Slums in Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata Mumbai is largest city Delhi was planned starting in 1957 but still faces problems w/ housing Kolkata near coast, prone to flooding w/ insufficient drainage and sewer system
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Tokyo and Osaka strongly impacted by industrialization process Tokyo was modernized by 1910 w/ railways, trams, water supply, and parks and expanded by 1920 so that heavy industry located to suburban areas Osaka was industrialized in 1880s as major spinning city, grew in 1900s as industrialization took root
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Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem: a country will export goods that use the country’s abundant factors Factor Price Equalization Theorem: free trade in goods equalizes the prices of factors over trading countries. Harris-Todaro Model: decision to migrate based on urban expected income Borjas model of internal migration: migration occurs so people can match skills
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Hukou to establish identity and citizenship originated in fifties and persists today, restricting migration Migration accelerated in nineties and continues through today Migrants were laid off from jobs so local urban laid-off workers could be hired Push from rural areas; pull from urban areas
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Large scale rural to urban migration Younger, male, with low education- most have 9 years of schooling or less Difficult lives-instability, dangerous working conditions, vulnerable Low levels of happiness-cannot afford proper housing, often lack toilet
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Began even before reform started Migration is far lower in India than China Seasonal work is available in both agriculture and manufacturing. Most seasonal migrants work in cultivation, brick kilns, construction sites, fish processing, and quarries, while others work in urban informal manufacturing or services sectors
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Migration occurs for push and pull factors Those in upper castes with higher education migrate Migration of disadvantaged groups to informal sector
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Large amounts of rural to urban migration occurred after 1930 Changing nature of manufacturing activity from piecework in the home to factories Agricultural pop. declined after 1930 Decision to migrate was family one Migration in 1940s and 1950s was part of industrialization process By late 1970s, migration betw urban and non-urban areas was balanced
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Different characteristics of urbanization and migration in China, Japan and India Migration mainly for economic reasons- push and pull factors Leads to growth of megacities
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