1. Georgia’s Modern Age Unit 10

2. Standard SS8H12 The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic, and political developments in Georgia since 1970. SS8H12 The student will explain the importance of significant social, economic, and political developments in Georgia since 1970.

3. Elements a. Evaluate the consequences of the end of the county unit system and reapportionment b. Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president c. Analyze the impact of the rise of the two-party system in Georgia.

4. d. Evaluate the effect of the 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia e. Evaluate the importance of new immigrant communities to the growth and economy of Georgia

5. End of the County Unit System The county unit system was a system of voting in which candidates won elections by winning unit votes rather than the majority of individual votes The county unit system was a system of voting in which candidates won elections by winning unit votes rather than the majority of individual votes In Georgia, this system kept power in the hands of rural counties In Georgia, this system kept power in the hands of rural counties This system also meant that politicians often supported racist policies popular among rural whites. This system also meant that politicians often supported racist policies popular among rural whites.

6. The 14 th Amendment The broad goal of the 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1866, would remain valid ensuring that "all persons born in the United States " were citizens and were to be given "full and equal benefit of all laws.“ The broad goal of the 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act, passed in 1866, would remain valid ensuring that "all persons born in the United States " were citizens and were to be given "full and equal benefit of all laws.“ Georgia rejected the 14th Amendment on Nov. 9, 1866 Georgia rejected the 14th Amendment on Nov. 9, 1866

7. Key Clauses of the 14th Amendment Four principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were: Four principles were asserted in the text of the 14th amendment. They were: 1. State and federal citizenship for all persons regardless of race both born or naturalized in the United States was reaffirmed. 2. No state would be allowed to abridge the "privileges and immunities" of citizens. 3. No person was allowed to be deprived of life, liberty, or property without "due process of law.“ 4. No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws."

8. Discussion How did the county unit system violate the 14 th Amendment? How did the county unit system violate the 14 th Amendment? The 14 th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, defined national citizenship and forbade the states to restrict basic rights of citizens or other persons. The 14 th amendment to the U.S. Constitution, defined national citizenship and forbade the states to restrict basic rights of citizens or other persons. The county unit system only allowed certain people to vote which is a violation of the 14 th Amendment The county unit system only allowed certain people to vote which is a violation of the 14 th Amendment

9. reapportionment reapportionment Due to the elimination of the county- unit system, Georgia elections were decided by popular vote. Due to the elimination of the county- unit system, Georgia elections were decided by popular vote. In 1964 the Supreme Court ruled that states had to make sure their voting districts were equal in population and representation. In 1964 the Supreme Court ruled that states had to make sure their voting districts were equal in population and representation. For Georgia, this ruling resulted in reapportionment. For Georgia, this ruling resulted in reapportionment.

10. Reapportionment is when representation in government is restructured to make sure that citizens are represented fairly. Reapportionment is when representation in government is restructured to make sure that citizens are represented fairly. Reapportionment involved redistricting (redrawing voting districts) Reapportionment involved redistricting (redrawing voting districts) The end of the county-unit system and reapportionment transformed how candidates campaign and which voters most influence elections. The end of the county-unit system and reapportionment transformed how candidates campaign and which voters most influence elections.

11. Political candidates now focused on urban (city) voters which gave them a good chance of winning. Political candidates now focused on urban (city) voters which gave them a good chance of winning. The influence of African- American voters increased. The influence of African- American voters increased. In the city of Atlanta, it’s nearly impossible to win an election without support from the black community In the city of Atlanta, it’s nearly impossible to win an election without support from the black community

12. Rise of the two-party system in Georgia The social changes of the 1960s gave rise to a two-party system in Georgia The social changes of the 1960s gave rise to a two-party system in Georgia Under the one-party system the Democratic Party dominated southern politics (solid south) Under the one-party system the Democratic Party dominated southern politics (solid south) The Republican Party rose up during the late 60s to end the Democratic Party’s dominance in southern politics The Republican Party rose up during the late 60s to end the Democratic Party’s dominance in southern politics

13. The 1962 election of Republican congressman Howard “Bo” Calloway was the first sign that the days of the “solid South” might be over. The 1962 election of Republican congressman Howard “Bo” Calloway was the first sign that the days of the “solid South” might be over. Georgia’s Republican Party has grown in power over the last few decades; seizing many of the state’s most powerful positions. Georgia’s Republican Party has grown in power over the last few decades; seizing many of the state’s most powerful positions. With the elimination of the county unit system the political importance of black and urban white voters strengthened With the elimination of the county unit system the political importance of black and urban white voters strengthened

14. In 1964, Georgia Democrats broke a 100 year tradition and voted for the Republican candidate for president, Barry Goldwater. In 1964, Georgia Democrats broke a 100 year tradition and voted for the Republican candidate for president, Barry Goldwater. The fact that Goldwater, a Republican, won parts of the South over a Democratic president, again was an indication that the days of the “solid South” were over. The fact that Goldwater, a Republican, won parts of the South over a Democratic president, again was an indication that the days of the “solid South” were over.

15. Sonny Perdue Sonny Perdue was elected in 2002 as Georgia’s first Republican governor since Reconstruction *Our current Republican governor is Nathan Deal

16. President Jimmy Carter In 1976, Jimmy Carter became the first and only Georgian to win the presidency. The Carter presidency was filled with controversy. Carter signed a new arms treaty with the Soviet Union. The Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979.

17. Many felt that Carter’s handling of the Soviet situation was weak Many felt that Carter’s handling of the Soviet situation was weak His response to the Soviet situation was to institute a grain embargo and a boycott of the 1980 Olympic games. His response to the Soviet situation was to institute a grain embargo and a boycott of the 1980 Olympic games. In 1979, Iran overthrew their ruler who was allowed, by President Carter, to seek refuge in the U.S. In 1979, Iran overthrew their ruler who was allowed, by President Carter, to seek refuge in the U.S.

18. When Carter did not force their ruler to return, Iranian students took American embassy workers hostage. When Carter did not force their ruler to return, Iranian students took American embassy workers hostage. This event was called the Iran Hostage Crisis. This event was called the Iran Hostage Crisis. The hostages were not released until Carter left office in 1980. The hostages were not released until Carter left office in 1980.

19. The Camp David Accords For centuries, Arabs and Jews have been bitter enemies; fighting over the region of Palestine, located in the Middle East. For centuries, Arabs and Jews have been bitter enemies; fighting over the region of Palestine, located in the Middle East. After the U.N. recognized the Jewish state of Israel in Palestine, the Arabs were very upset. After the U.N. recognized the Jewish state of Israel in Palestine, the Arabs were very upset. As a result, many Arab and Israel nations fought many wars, and are still fighting today. As a result, many Arab and Israel nations fought many wars, and are still fighting today. Many Arab nations, including Egypt, were affected. Many Arab nations, including Egypt, were affected.

20. The Camp David Accords President Jimmy Carter encouraged the leaders of both nations (Egypt and Israel) to workout a peace agreement. President Jimmy Carter encouraged the leaders of both nations (Egypt and Israel) to workout a peace agreement. The meeting between Egypt’s leader Anwar Sadat (left), and Israel’s leader Menachem Begin (right), was held at Camp David (the president’s retreat) The meeting between Egypt’s leader Anwar Sadat (left), and Israel’s leader Menachem Begin (right), was held at Camp David (the president’s retreat) This meeting resulted in the signing of the Camp David Accords on Sept. 17, 1978. This meeting resulted in the signing of the Camp David Accords on Sept. 17, 1978. The Camp David Accords was a peace agreement between Egypt, Israel, and the U.S. The Camp David Accords was a peace agreement between Egypt, Israel, and the U.S.

21. Review question What is the best way to describe Jimmy Carter? What is the best way to describe Jimmy Carter?

22. answer He is the only Georgian to serve as president of the United States He is the only Georgian to serve as president of the United States He helped negotiate a peace agreement between the Arabs and Jews He helped negotiate a peace agreement between the Arabs and Jews He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.

23. Georgia’s Population Growth Georgia’s population growth is attributed to the following: The rising influence of international business The rising influence of international business specific types of jobs specific types of jobs quality of life quality of life mild climate mild climate cost of living cost of living

24. Atlanta 1996 Olympic Games The 1996 Centennial Olympics greatly helped the state’s economy. The 1996 Centennial Olympics greatly helped the state’s economy. They placed Georgia on an international stage They placed Georgia on an international stage They made Atlanta known all over the world They made Atlanta known all over the world

25. Immigration Immigration is the process of people migrating to a nation or state from somewhere else. Georgia has become more diverse because of an increase in immigration. The Hispanic community is the fastest growing immigrant group in Georgia.

26. Affect of Immigration on Georgia Georgia is a much more diverse state. Georgia is a much more diverse state. It has led to changes among businesses that wish to reach people who speak languages other than English. It has led to changes among businesses that wish to reach people who speak languages other than English. Many agricultural businesses in Georgia depend heavily on immigrant labor. Many agricultural businesses in Georgia depend heavily on immigrant labor.

27. Pros and Cons of Immigration There are many positive aspects to diversity through immigration. There are many positive aspects to diversity through immigration. Many people, however, believe that stiffer laws are needed to prevent illegal immigration Many people, however, believe that stiffer laws are needed to prevent illegal immigration Some feel that immigrants are a drain on the economy of Georgia Some feel that immigrants are a drain on the economy of Georgia Some believe that many immigration laws are racists Some believe that many immigration laws are racists

28. Illegal immigration is a major challenge facing Georgia Illegal immigration is a major challenge facing Georgia Illegal immigration is when people from another country enter the U.S. illegally. Illegal immigration is when people from another country enter the U.S. illegally.

29. Georgia’s new immigration law Georgia now has one of the nation’s toughest immigration laws, House Bill 87. Georgia now has one of the nation’s toughest immigration laws, House Bill 87. The law empowers local police officers to question certain suspects about their immigration status. The law empowers local police officers to question certain suspects about their immigration status. The law, which took effect July 1, 2011, was supported and signed by Governor Nathan Deal The law, which took effect July 1, 2011, was supported and signed by Governor Nathan Deal

30. The new law allows state and local police officers to request immigration documentation from criminal suspects and, if they do not receive it, to take the suspects to jail, where federal officials could begin the deportation process. The new law allows state and local police officers to request immigration documentation from criminal suspects and, if they do not receive it, to take the suspects to jail, where federal officials could begin the deportation process. Georgia’s law is similar to laws in Arizona and Utah that have drawn legal challenges and economic boycotts. Georgia’s law is similar to laws in Arizona and Utah that have drawn legal challenges and economic boycotts.

31. New Federal (U.S.) Immigration Law Under a new immigration policy announced by the Department of Homeland Security, up to 800,000 illegal immigrants will be allowed to live and work in the United States without the constant threat of deportation. Under a new immigration policy announced by the Department of Homeland Security, up to 800,000 illegal immigrants will be allowed to live and work in the United States without the constant threat of deportation. The executive order focuses on people under the age of 30 who were brought to the U.S. before they turned 16. The executive order focuses on people under the age of 30 who were brought to the U.S. before they turned 16.

32. Other eligibility requirements include: having lived in the country for at least 5 continuous years having lived in the country for at least 5 continuous years obtaining a high school diploma or GED obtaining a high school diploma or GED serving in the military serving in the military a clean criminal record. a clean criminal record. Those who meet the requirements will be offered: two-year work permits that can be renewed without limit. two-year work permits that can be renewed without limit.

33. The plan is not in and of itself a path to citizenship The plan is not in and of itself a path to citizenship a “temporary stopgap measure that focuses resources wisely while giving a degree of relief and hope to talented, driven, patriotic young people.” a “temporary stopgap measure that focuses resources wisely while giving a degree of relief and hope to talented, driven, patriotic young people.”

34. Assignment How do you feel about immigration? How do you feel about immigration? What do you think about Georgia’s HB 87, and the new U.S. immigration law? What do you think about Georgia’s HB 87, and the new U.S. immigration law? Write a letter to the president or governor about new U.S. immigration laws. Write a letter to the president or governor about new U.S. immigration laws. Be sure to include specific reasons for your position/opinion. Be sure to include specific reasons for your position/opinion. Must be in letter format (greeting, body, closing) Must be in letter format (greeting, body, closing)

35. Letter Writing Rubric 20 ptsmust be in letter format 20 ptsmust be in letter format 20 ptsmust include a clear position 20 ptsmust include a clear position 20 pts must demonstrate 20 pts must demonstrate understanding of the issues understanding of the issues 20 ptsmust have no grammar or 20 ptsmust have no grammar or spelling errors spelling errors 20 ptsmust have copy of rubric 20 ptsmust have copy of rubric