1. Typologies and types Types of typologies: Historical/ideological (e.g. Hoffman, Rapoport) Geographical/ideological (e.g. Guelke) Ideological/thematic (e.g. Wilkinson) Themes to bear in mind: Secular v religious ‘Old’ v ‘new’ Corrigible v incorrigible

2. Historical/ideological (1) Hoffman (2006) Ethno-nationalist/separatist ‘International terrorism’ Religious

3. Ethno-nationalist Singapore’s symbolism Allies’ rhetoric re self-determination Palestine/Cyprus/Algeria ‘Lasting influence’: - evidence that ‘it works’ - publicity seeking/audience awareness Primarily localised phenomenon

4. International terrorism Established 1968 Archetype = PLO Influence on modern ethno-nationalists Rise of the revolutionary left (1968 student protests, Vietnam)

5. Religious terrorism Not religion as aspect of ethnic identity Religion for its own sake – religious imperative ‘Divine duty’ – texts justify/legitimate Al Q – Zionist – Aum – Christian Identity Decline in numbers of nationalist, rise in religious – why? - Decline of traditional leftism (Cold War) Amorphous – not tied to obvious ethnicity

6. Historical/ideological (2) Rapoport (2002, 2003): four waves 1880s: Anarchist (eg Narodnaya Volya) 1920s: Anti-colonial (IRA//Stern/EOKA) ’60s-’80s: New Left (RAF, Red Brigades) 1979+: Religious Wave: cycle of activity in given time period; cycle characterised by periods of expansion and contraction

7. Waves in relation to democracy First wave: inspired by failure of democratic reform programme Second: ideas of self-determination Third: belief that existing systems not truly democratic Fourth: anti-democratic (Or merely anti-liberal…?)

8. Geographical/ideological Guelke (1995) Middle Eastern Latin American New Left Neo-fascist Separatist

9. Ideological/thematic (1) Wilkinson (2000) Nationalist: political self-determination Ideological: change entire system; left or right orientation Religiopolitical: e.g. Hezbollah, Hamas, but also Jewish, Sikh, Christian extremists Single issue: specific policy change; e.g. anti-abortion, animal rights State sponsored

10. Ideological/thematic (2) National liberation Revolutionary left Radical Islamist Christian right Secular right (neo-fascist, hate groups) Radical environmental/animal liberation Reactionary, pro-state Millenarian