1. History 171D The United States and the World Since 1945

2. Eisenhower, Khrushchev, & Kennedy

3. Nikita Khrushchev General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1953-1964

10. Khrushchev’s dilemmas: Wanted to liberalize Soviet bloc, but liberalization could lead to disunity

11. Khrushchev’s dilemmas: Wanted to ease tensions with West, but also needed to shore up revolutionary credentials in communist world

12. Khrushchev’s dilemmas: Wanted the USSR to be recognized as military equal of US, but knew USSR was much weaker

13. Mid- to late 1950s— Khrushchev conceded US superiority in bombers and concentrated instead on developing intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICMBs)

14. Summer 1957—USSR tested first ICBM

15. October 1957—USSR Launched Sputnik, causing panic in US

20. From U-2 spy flights, Eisenhower knew how weak USSR was, but because U-2 was secret he couldn’t reassure American people

21. U-2 photograph of Soviet airfield

22. Post-Sputnik investments in education and scientific research

23. In wake of Sputnik, Democrats accused Eisenhower administration of failing to meet Soviet challenge; also accused Eisenhower of failing to win over Third World countries Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy

24. VP Richard Nixon in South America, 1958

25. US-Cuban relations Prerevolutionary Cuba

26. Fulgencio Batista Cuban President 1940-1944, 1952-1959

27. January 1959—Fidel Castro overthrew Batista and took over Cuban government

28. 1960—Castro aligned with Moscow

30. July 1959—American National Exhibit in Moscow

31. July 1959—VP Richard Nixon visited Moscow, engaged in “Kitchen Debate” with Khrushchev

33. September 1959— Khrushchev visited United States

37. Eisenhower agreed to visit USSR in following year

38. U-2 Affair, 1960

39. May 1960—Soviets shot down U-2 plane

40. ... and captured Francis Gary Powers

41. Khrushchev with wreckage of Powers’s spy plane

42. U-2 Affair derailed plans for Moscow summit

43. Powers on trial in Moscow

44. In 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy accused Eisenhower administration of “losing” Cuba, and of allowing “missile gap” favoring USSR Nixon-Kennedy presidential debate

45. November 1960—Kennedy narrowly elected

46. 46

48. April 1961—Kennedy launched “Bay of Pigs” invasion, which ended in fiasco

49. After Bay of Pigs Kennedy administration stepped up efforts to assassinate Castro (Operation Mongoose)

58. June 1961—Khrushchev and Kennedy met in Vienna; Khrushchev unimpressed

59. Summer 1961—Berlin crisis

60. Khrushchev: Four Powers must make Berlin a “free city,” or else USSR will turn over access routes to East Germany

61. Kennedy responded by activating reservists, conducting massive military buildup, and encouraging Americans to build fallout shelters

62. Berlin Wall

64. October 1961— Kennedy administration revealed extent of Soviet nuclear inferiority Deputy Defense Secretary Roswell Gilpatrick

65. 1962—Khrushchev secretly arranged to deploy intermediate range ballistic missiles, (IRBMs) and medium range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) in Cuba

66. Intermediate range ballistic missiles (MRBMs) Medium range ballistic missiles (IRBMs)

67. October 1962—US discovered missile sites in Cuba

68. October 1962—JFK set up Executive Committee (ExComm) to decide what to do

69. October 1962—US imposed blockade against Cuba; JFK publicly demanded removal of missiles

70. Khrushchev offered to remove missiles if US pledged not to invade Cuba and dismantled Jupiter missiles in Turkey

71. US Jupiter missiles in Turkey Khrushchev offered to remove missiles if US pledged not to invade Cuba and dismantled Jupiter missiles in Turkey

72. JFK essentially accepted deal but kept Jupiter part secret—made it seem as if Khrushchev had backed down

73. JFK’s secret assurances via UN Secretary General U Thant

74. JFK essentially accepted deal but kept Jupiter part secret—made it seem as if Khrushchev had backed down

76. US-Soviet “Hotline”

77. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 1963

78. Kennedy’s American University Speech, June 1963

79. 79 Mutual Assured Destruction

80. 80 M utual A ssured D estruction