1. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 1 Remember: Examination is a chance not ability. 6/12/2016

2. Chapter NoChapter NamePage No 1. Database Foundation OR An Overview of Database Management System (DBMS) 2.Semantic Modeling OR Entity Relationship Model (ERD) 3.An introduction to Relational Database 4.Normalization 5.Relational Algebra 6.An Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 2 Course Contents 6/12/2016

3. COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ILTAF MEHDI Chapter No: 01 3 By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) Chapter No: 01 6/12/2016

4. 1. Data, information and nature of Data 2. Approaches to Data Management 3. Traditional Filing Approach  Disadvantages of Traditional Filing System 4. Database Approach  Benefits of Database approach 5. Components of the D.B Environment By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 4 6/12/2016

5. 1. Data:  The Data is the collection of facts and figure which is in raw form and can’t be used directly to any useful work. 2. Information:  When Data is processed and is ready to make a decision, then it is called information. 3.Meta Data:  “Data that describes the properties or characteristics of other data is called meta data”.  Meta data shows the data item name, the data Type, length, minimum and maximum allowable values and a brief description of each data item.  Meta data allow database designers and users to understand what data exist and what the data mean. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 5 6/12/2016

6. 4. Data Item:  It is the smallest unit of data in database.  For each attribute of an entity, there must be a data item. For example:  Student Roll-No, Employee No etc. 5. Data Aggregate:  Data aggregate is also called Group Data.  DEF: “It is the collection of data items referred as a whole”. For Example:  “NAME” is a data aggregate. It might be composed of data items: First-Name, Middle-Name and Last-Name.  Similarly; PHONE-No is a data aggregate because phone –no may be composed of data items: Office-No and Residence- No. 6/12/2016By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 6

7.  The term data and information are closely related and in fact they are used interchangeably. However, it is often useful to distinguish between data and information. For example:  A list of student names and grades in random order represent “data”. But when the same data is arranged in order of grades from highest to lowest, it gives meaningful information to the management.  Similarly, Temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and wind speed represent “data”. But when these data are combined together and analyzed it becomes more meaningful and predicts the weather as “Rainy Day” or “Strong Condition” or “Dry Condition” which is an information. 6/12/2016By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 7

8.  There are two approaches towards data management. 1. Traditional Filing Approach 2. Database Approach By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 8 6/12/2016

9.  DEF: “When we manage data by file handling facility then it is called Traditional Filing System”. OR “Each application program or system that is developed or designed to meet the needs of a particular department or user group is called Traditional Filing System”.  Thus there is no overall map, plan or model to guide the growth of application.  The traditional filing approach is also called Process Driven Approach. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 9 6/12/2016

10. i. Uncontrolled Redundancy ii. Inflexibility iii. Limited Data Sharing iv. Poor Enforcement of Standards v. Excessive Program Maintenance By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 10 6/12/2016

11. i. Uncontrolled Redundancy:  In file processing system each application has its own files which lead to a high level of data redundancy. ii. Inflexibility:  The Traditional Filing system is effective in generating only routine reports. iii. Limited Data Sharing:  Data can’t be shared across applications in traditional filing system because each application has its own set of files. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 11 6/12/2016

12. iv. Poor Enforcement of Standards:  In traditional filing system different applications are developed by different programmers. So one programmer may name the data item with one name and the other programmer may name the same data item with other name.  Another case may also arise called homonym, when same name is used for different data items. v. Excessive Program Maintenance:  “The process of modifying existing program is referred to as program maintenance”.  In traditional filing system data definition are not separated from the source code, rather they are specified inside the source code. So whenever a data definition is changed that actually means changing the whole program. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 12 6/12/2016

13.  The database approach is also called Data Driven Approach.  Def: “Database is a shared and logically connected collection of data”.  The database approach emphasizes the integration and sharing of data across the organization. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 13 6/12/2016

14. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 14 DATABASE DBMS Admission SectionAccount SectionExamination Section 6/12/2016

15.  The database approach gives a number of advantages over the traditional file approach. Which are: 1. Controlled or minimum data redundancy 2. Consistency of data 3. Integration of data 4. Sharing of data 5. Ease of application development 6. Uniform security, privacy and integrity control By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 15 6/12/2016

16. 1. Controlled or minimum data redundancy:  With the database approach, previously separate and redundant data files are integrated into single logical file (structure). 2. Consistency of data:  Since each data item is stored at only one place in database. so there is less chance of data inconsistency. 3. Integration of data:  In database, data are organized into a single, logical structure with logical relationship defined between associated data entities. So this make it easy for the user to relate one data item to another. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 16 6/12/2016

17. 4. Sharing of data:  The data in the database is available to all applications and that shareability is controlled by Database Administration. 5. Ease of application development:  With the database approach we can develop applications rapidly. It also reduces the cost and time for developing new applications. 6. Uniform security, privacy and integrity control:  Security: “security means making database safe from destruction”.  Privacy: “privacy means to prevent a part of database related to one user from access by another user”.  Integrity: “integrity means accuracy and correctness of data”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 17 6/12/2016

18.  The major components of the database environment are given below; 1) CASE Tools 2) DATABASE 3) Application Program 4) DBMS(Database Management System) 5) Data Dictionary/Directory 6) User Group 7) DBA (Database Administrator) By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 18 6/12/2016

19. 1. CASE Tools:  CASE Tools stands for “ C omputer- A ided S oftware E ngineering Tools”.  These are automated tools used to design database and application programs.  CASE Tools provide a structured environment with a common database and a standard user interface. 2. DATABASE:  “A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization”.  Database contains the occurrences of data. For example: Student information is contained within the “Student Database”. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 19 6/12/2016

20. 3. Application Program:  Computer programs that are used to create and maintain the database and provide information to users.  Application programs must be written in a variety of host programming languages. For example: Visual Basic, Visual C, Visual C++, C-Sharp etc. 4. DBMS(Database Management System):  “A software program that is used to define, create and maintain the database is called DBMS”.  It is a computerized way of record keeping.  DBMS is a software program that facilitates the process of defining, constructing and manipulating a database for various application.  DBMS is a driving program making an interface between user and data stored on backing store. By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 20 6/12/2016

21. 5. Data Dictionary/Directory (DD/D):  Data dictionary or directory is the collection of all the definitions of data used in a database, for instance, all data item names, their lengths, size, nature, relation etc.  DD/D is a key tool in managing data resources. 6. User Group or End Users:  The database is designed, created, and maintained to serve the information needs of end users, who use the data to perform their jobs.  There are three types/ categories of user group: a) Read Only b) Add/ Delete c) Modify By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 21 6/12/2016

22. a) Read Only  Those users who can only access a record for read purpose only. b) Add/ Delete  Those users who can add or delete a record. c) Modify  Those users who can make changes in a record. 6/12/2016By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 22

23. 7. DBA (Database Administrator):  The database administrator (DBA) is a manager who is responsible for the cost-effective definition of organization’s data.  The DBA accomplished the overall database design, data definition and road map for all the users to access the database, using specialized data description and control language and other facilities.  Most DBA’s are responsible for implementation, testing and maintaining the DBMS and for education and training of users using database. 6/12/2016By ILTAF MEHDI (MCS, MCSE, CCNA) 23