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An Introduction to Music as Social Experience Chapter 1: Experiencing Music.

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1 An Introduction to Music as Social Experience Chapter 1: Experiencing Music

2 2 The Power of Music Affects our physiology Shapes our consciousness Influences our social identity

3 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music3 Attentive listening is good for the brain: Produces endorphins, and reduces sensations of pain Helps focus our thinking Softly played melodies relax us Loud drums and blaring trumpets excite us Favorite songs evoke strong memories

4 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music4 Music and Culture What is culture? Anthropologist Edward Tylor (1874) defined a “complex whole” encompassing A people’s acquired knowledge and beliefs Arts and morals Laws and customs

5 Culture involves many aspects of life Material aspects: things we use Social aspects: the way people act and organize communities Intellectual aspects: webs of meaning to guide individuals and communities

6 What is a musical culture? A group of people who: Share values about how to make music Listen to music together Use music in their lives

7 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music7 Classical Zydeco Country and Western Hip Hop And many more… Top 40 Bluegrass Jazz World Music Blues A musical culture can be associated with a specific genre of music:

8 Three Categories of Music I.World Music : Local or regional music traditions Transmitted orally/aurally Non-commercial in everyday use Categorized by geographic region (Africa, Asia, India, Eastern Europe, etc.) and ethnic origin (Tejano, Celtic, Afro-Cuban, etc.)

9 II.Popular Music Associated with the music industry Distributed through mass media Appeals to a wide audience

10 III.Western Art Music Composed by individuals (Europeans and peoples of the European diaspora) Written down with a system of notation Six historical periods

11 1.Medieval Period – ca. 400 to 1430 Development of Western musical notation Music composed for the church and nobility Early church music: plainchant using words of the Catholic sacred liturgy Secular entertainment music for dancing, love songs and stories sung in local dialects Plainchant and secular music: single, free-flowing melodic line, with no harmony

12 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music12 2.Renaissance Period – ca. 1430 to 1600 “Rebirth” of interest in writings and art of ancient Greece and Rome Complex, intertwining melodies Mostly vocal music survives Instrumental music often improvised Church music: elaborate, multi-voiced works for the Catholic Mass Secular music: French chanson, Italian and English madrigal

13 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music13 3. Baroque Period – 1600 to 1750 Named for ornamented, complex visual art and architecture Music unified by basso continuo: continuous bass line providing rhythmic and harmonic foundation Opera – staged musical entertainment, sung throughout – invented at the end of 1500s New instrumental genres, including suite, sonata and concerto

14 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music14 4.Classical Period – 1750 to 1820 Musical style based on architectural ideals of Classical Greece: Clarity Symmetry Formal balance New instrumental genres: symphony and string quartet Growing middle class influenced performance spaces: from private to public concerts.

15 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music15 5. Romantic Period – ca. 1820 to 1900 Increased focus on individual experience, emotional intensity Larger musical forces in orchestral music Virtuoso solo performers dazzled audiences with spectacular technique Folk melodies and rhythms in art music reflect composers’ national and ethnic identities

16 Chapter 1: Experiencing Music16 6. Twentieth Century Period – 1900 to the present Disparate, sometimes conflicting aesthetic movements Musical styles in direct response to social change, new technologies, shifting beliefs New systems of harmony: atonality (music without a tonal center) New instruments: electronic synthesizer, manipulation of natural sounds via recordings

17 Questions to consider when listening to music What is the difference between sound and music? What kinds of music are used to influence, to persuade or to soothe? How does music reflect composers’ and performers’ cultures? How might your understanding of social perspectives enhance your listening choices? How does music function in your life? How do your musical choices reflect your culture?

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