1. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROJECT EuropeAid/125672/C/SER/CY
Animal Health and Infectious Diseases
Prevention
MVDr. J. Holejšovský Ph.D.
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
Institut Tropics and Subtropics
Lefcosa/Nicosia June 2009

2. PART TWO D
DANGEROUS INFECTIOUS
ANIMAL DISEASES
ZOONOSIS

3. ZOONOSIS What’s Zoonosis ? Zoonosis is an infection or infestation
shared in nature by humans and animals.
Zoonoses- transmission of the infectious
agent to humans from an ongoing reservoir
life cycle in animals, without the permanent
establishment of a new life cycle in humans.
Animals raised on farms that are well managed (good housing, hygienic conditions , and balanced diet) on most occasions are free of zoonotic diseases that occur naturally in animals

4. (bacteria, viruses, and parasites)
ZOONOSIS
Zoonotic agents
(bacteria, viruses, and parasites)
Zoonotic agents prevalent in many animal operations (1-50%)
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridial spp.
Path. Escherichia coli
Cryptospordia
Zoonotic agents prevalent in few animal operations (< 5%)
Leptospira
Coxiella brunetii
Zoonotic agents ALMOST non existent in animal operations
Brucella spp.
Tuberculosis

5. Waterborne Zoonoses Pathogens
Cryptosporidium
Giardia
E. Coli 0157:H7
Salmonella
Leptospiria
Toxoplasma
Campylobacter
Entamoeba
Ascarsis
Viruses and Prions? SARS?

6. Most Common Foodborne Pathogens
Campylobacter
Salmonella
E. coli 0157:H7
Yersinia
Listeria
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Norwalk-like viruses

7. How do human beings become infected ?
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
feces
urine
blood
saliva

8. Horses, asses, zebras (Equidae)
Actinobacillus spp.
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Cryptosporidiosis
Equine morbillivirus
Glanders
Leptospirosis
Rabies
Salmonellosis
Yersiniosis
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park

9. Cats Dipylidium caninum Leptospirosis Neisseria canis
Pasteurella multocida
Plague
Poxvirus
Q-fever
Rabies
Rickettsia felis
Salmonellosis
Scabies
Sporothrix schenckii
Trichinosis
Toxoplasmosis
Visceral larva migrans
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Afipia felis
Anthrax
Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae
Bergeyella zoohelcum
Brucella suis
Campylobacteriosis
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
CDC group NO-1
Chlamydia psittaci (feline strain)
Cowpox
Cutaneous larva migrans
Dermatophytosis

10. Sheep and Goats Actinobacillus spp. Anthrax Brucellosis
Campylobacteriosis
Chlamydia trachomatis (ovine)
Cryptosporidiosis
European tick-borne encephalitis
Francisella tularensis
Giardiasis
Leptospirosis
Louping ill
Orf
Q-fever
Rabies
Salmonellosis
Yersinia enterocolitica

11. Dairy Cattle Foot and mouth disease Giardiasis Leptospirosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Pseudocowpox
Q-fever
Rabies
Salmonellosis
Strep. zooepidemicus
Taenia saginata
Yersinia enterocolitica
Actinomyces pyogenes
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Campylobacteriosis
Cowpox
Cryptosporidiosis
E. coli O157:H7
European tick-borne encephalitis

12. Swine Anthrax Ascaris suum Botulism Salmonella cholerae-suis
Brucella suis
Cryptosporidiosis
Entamoeba polecki
Erysip. rhusiopathiae
Flavobacterium Influenza
Leptospirosis
Pasteurella aerogenes
Pasteurella multocida
Pigbel
Rabies
Salmonella cholerae-suis
Salmonellosis
Sarcosporidiosis
Scabies
Strep.dysgalactiae (group L)
Streptococcus milleri
Strep. suis type 2 (group R)
Swine vesicular disease
Taenia solium
Trichinella spiralis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

13. Diseases Acquired From Rabbits and Hares
Brucella suis biotype 2
Cheyletiella infestation
Francisella tularensis
Plague
Q-fever
Trichophyton mentagrophytes

14. Anthrax: The Agent
Bacillus anthracis – Gram positive spore-forming bacteria
Forms spores
Human disease
Skin
Intestinal
Pulmonary
Animal disease
Septicemia and rapid death
Anthrax results from infection by Bacillus anthracis, a spore forming, Gram positive aerobic rod. Anthrax can be found as a spore in the soil worldwide; it is particularly common in parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East. In the United States, foci of infection occur in South Dakota, Nebraska, Mississippi, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana and California, with smaller areas in other states. Spores can remain viable for decades in the soil or animal products such as dried or processed hides and wool. Spores can also survive for 2 years in water, 10 years in milk, and up to 71 years on silk threads. However, the vegetative organisms are thought to be destroyed within a few days during the decomposition of unopened carcasses (exposure to oxygen induces spore formation). There are three forms of the disease in humans. 1) Cutaneous anthrax which develops after skin infections. This form is characterized by a papular skin lesion, which becomes surrounded by a ring of fluid-filled vesicles (as shown in picture). Most lesions (malignant carbuncle) are non-painful and resolve spontaneously, but disseminated, fatal infections occur in approximately 20% of cases. 2) Intestinal anthrax develops after eating contaminated meat. The initial symptoms may be mild malaise and gastrointestinal symptoms. Severe symptoms can develop and rapidly progress to shock, coma and death. 3) Pulmonary anthrax occurs after inhaling spores in contaminated dust. Natural infections are mainly seen among workers who handle infected hides, wool, and furs (wool sorter’s disease). Symptoms may include fever, tiredness, and malaise; a nonproductive cough and mild chest pain may be present. Then follows an acute onset of severe respiratory distress with fatal septicemia and shock within one to two days. Fatalities may be prevented if treated early, however, when symptoms are flu-like and non-specific, early treatment is not sought. In animals, sheep, cattle, and horses are very susceptible, while dogs, rats, and chickens are resistant to disease. In ruminants sudden death may be the only sign. However, the disease may manifest as flu-like symptoms; chronic infections often have edema. Photo: 7 mo. old child who visited a network news office in Oct with his parent. Child developed cutaneous anthrax

15. Tularemia: The Agent Francisella tularensis
Transmitted by ingestion, inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin
Six clinical forms in humans
Tularemia, or “rabbit fever”, is caused by Francisella tularensis, a Gram negative bacteria. The disease can be transmitted by ingestion of infected, undercooked meat (rabbit); bites from infected ticks, and less commonly deerflies; through direct contact with blood or tissues of infected animals (especially rabbits); and inhalation of contaminated dust. Initial symptoms are flu-like and they include fever, chills, headache, and myalgia. In humans there are six clinical forms of tularemia – glandular and ulceroglandular are the most common presentation of this disease. An ulcer may or may not be present at site of infection and local lymph nodes are enlarged. Oculoglandular occurs when conjunctiva become infected by rubbing eyes with contaminated fingers or by splashing contaminated materials in the eyes. The oropharyngeal presentation is caused by ingestion of organism in contaminated food (undercooked meat) or water. Typhoidal and pneumonic forms usually occur following inhalation, or hematogenous spread of the organism. Both of these forms tend to present as atypical pneumonia and most fatalities occur with these forms and can be as high as 30-60% if untreated. This photo is of the Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) which is an effective transmitter of tularemia. Image from: Iowa State University-Entomology Dept Image Gallery Girl with ulcerating lymphadenitis due to tularemia, Kosovo, April 2000 Image from CDC website: Ulcer caused by tularemia. Image from: CDC Photo Image Library (
Glandular
Ulceroglandular

16. Tularemia: The Agent Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats Wildlife
Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness, prostration, and death
Wildlife
Usually find dead
Rabbits behave strangely
Cattle, older pigs resistant
In animals the full spectrum of clinical signs is not known. Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, and cats are susceptible to tularemia. Signs of septicemia such as fever, lethargy, anorexia, and coughing are most commonly seen. In wildlife, clinical disease is not often seen and animals are found dead or moribund. However, when infected hares and cottontails are observed, they behave strangely in that they are easily captured because they run slowly, rub their noses and feet on the ground, experience muscle twitches, are anorectic, have diarrhea, and are dyspnic. These lagomorphs are an important reservoir for human infection. Older swine and bovine seem to be resistant to disease and are asymptomatic.

17. Brucellosis: The Agent
Gram-negative bacteria
Ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact
Clinical signs
Humans: cyclic fever and
flu-like symptoms
Animals: reproductive signs
Brucellosis, or undulant fever, is caused by various species of Brucella, a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular rod. The organism can persist in the environment and indefinitely if frozen in aborted fetuses or placentas. Transmission occurs via ingestion of infected food or consuming infected unpasturized milk or dairy products, via inhalation of infectious aerosols (a means of infection in abattoirs), or through contact with infected tissues through a break in the skin or mucous membranes. Brucellosis can involve any organ or organ system and have a very insidious onset with varying clinical signs. The one common sign in all patients is an intermittent/irregular fever with variable duration, thus the term undulant fever. There are 3 forms of the disease in humans. In the acute form (<8 weeks from illness onset), symptomatic, nonspecific, and flu-like symptoms occur. The undulant form (< 1 yr. from illness onset and symptoms) include undulant fevers, and arthritis. In chronic form (>1 yr. from onset), symptoms may include chronic fatigue-like syndrome, and depressive episodes. Illness in people can be very protracted and painful and can result in an inability to work and loss of income. In animals, the clinical signs are mainly reproductive in nature, such as abortions, epididymitis, orchitis, and also fistulous withers in horses. Photo courtesy of D. Bickett-Weddle, DVM, ISU.

18. Brucellosis: The Agent
Species
Natural Host
Human Pathogen
B. abortus
Cattle, bison, elk, horses
Yes
B.melitensis
Goats, sheep, cattle
B. suis
Swine, hares, reindeer, caribou, rodents
B. canis
Dogs, other canids
B. ovis
Sheep No
This table illustrates the many species of Brucella and their distinct natural hosts. However, many are also human pathogens with B. melitensis being the most pathogenic.

19. Glanders: The Agent Burkholderia mallei: Gram-negative
Transmission by ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact
Animal-to-human transmission is inefficient
Clinical signs
Humans & horses: cutaneous & pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness
There are several common names associated with glanders and they include Equinia, Farcy and Malleus. Glanders is caused by a Gram negative bacteria, Burkholderia mallei (formerly Pseudomonas mallei). It is closely related to the next bacteria we will overview – Burkholderia pseudomallei that causes Meloidiosis (which we will review next). B. mallei is transmitted by ingestion or inhalation of infected tissues or fluids, and also through contact with broken skin or mucous membranes. Horses, mules and donkeys are the major host of this organism. Cats can be infected and may be particularly susceptible. Dogs, goats and camels can also be infected, but ruminants appear to be resistant. The clinical disease in horses and humans is similar. Transmission from animal to human appears to be inefficient. Infection by contact leads to ulceration of the skin, mucous membranes and soft tissues, as pictured on the slide. Infection by inhalation leads to acute glanders that results in pulmonary abscesses and nasal ulcers. Chronic glanders affects the joints and muscles forming ulcerated and purulent lesions. The photo is of a donkey with a ulcerative lesion on his lip. Images/056.htm

20. Rabies
Common Carriers
Cats
Dogs
Raccoons
Skunks
Bats
Foxes

21. Clinical presentation
Rabies
Transmission
Animal Bite
Contact with infected tissue, fluids or feces
Clinical presentation
Fever
Headache
Agitation
Confusion
Seizures
Excessive salivation

22. Psittacosis
Common Carriers
Pigeons
Parrots
Turkeys
Parakeets

23. Clinical presentation
Psittacosis
Transmission
Inhalation from infected birds
Carcasses
Secretions
Contaminated facilities
Clinical presentation
Fever
Headache
Pneumonia

24. Toxoplasmosis
Common carriers
Cats
Sheep

25. Clinical Presentation
Toxoplasmosis
Transmission
Ingestion of infected meats
Fecal contaminated soil
Clinical Presentation
Fever
Swollen nodes
Abortion
Still-birth
Mental retardation

26. Scabies
Common Carriers
Dogs
Raccoons

27. Clinical presentation
Scabies
Transmission
Direct contact with infected animals
Clinical presentation
Itching skin lesions

28. Brucella sp.
Primarily affects people who work with animals or animal products (slaughterhouse workers, veterinarians, farmers, dairy workers)
Four different species of Brucella are known to infect humans

29. Brucella reservoir Species Animal reservoir B. abortus Cattle B. canis
Dogs
B. suis
Swine
B. melitensis
Goats and sheep

30. Morphology & physiology
Fastidious & aerobic
Facultative intracellular
Gram negative
non motile cocobacilli

31. Brucellosis in animals
Transmitted by contact with infected tissue or milk (oral, aerosol or abrasion)
Predilection for erythritol rich organs (breast, uterus, epididymis, ect.)
Abortions, mastitis and sterility

32. Brucellosis in humans
Skin abrasion, conjunctivae, inhalation or ingestion
Engulfed by neutrophils and monocytes (resistant to killing)
Localize regional lymph nodes
Infect phagocytic cells in the RE system and form granulomas

33. Symptoms Aches, chills, fever (undulating) Drenching sweating
Fatigue, myalgia, muscle weakness
Relapse common

34. Diagnosis Symptoms and history
Blood culture on enriched media (slow: 4-6 weeks)
Organisms grow very slowly (6 weeks)
Serology (titer >640)
Skin test with brucellergin - delayed-type

35. Treatment Prolonged use (several months) of rifampin with tetracycline
or streptomycin

36. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Bacteria: Facultative anaerobic, motile
or nonmotile GNR
Source: Intestines of animals and poultry
Illness: Hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic
uremic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic
thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Symptoms: (HC) diarrhea & vomiting, HUS)
diarrhea & acute renal failure, TTP) diarrhea,
GI hemorrhage, blood clots in brain

37. Escherichia coli O157:H7 Foods: Meat, poultry, potatoes, raw milk
Transmission: Cross-contamination, sewage pollution of coastal waters
Control: Proper cooking, temperature control, preventing cross-contamination, proper personal hygiene

38. Salmonella spp. Bacteria: Facultative anaerobic, motile, GNR
Source: Intestine of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles
Illness: Infection (gastroenteritis)
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever

39. Salmonella spp.
Foods: Poultry, poultry salads, meats, dairy products, egg products
Transmission: Cross-contamination, human contamination, sewage pollution of coastal waters
Control: Proper cooking, temperature, preventing cross-contamination, personal hygiene

40. How does Salmonella gain access to a farm ?
Most
important
sources of
infection
Replacement calves trucks
heifer/ cows
birds /pests feed water visitors
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park

41. Personal hygiene practices on farm for preventing illnesses
Wash hands with soap and water before and after:
1. Attending sick animals
2. Handling animals
3. Manure handling
Dress and boots
1. Change into farm boots on the farm
2. Wash farm boots regularly
3. Leave farm boots on the farm
4. Wash and disinfect farm clothes
IF available: shower before leaving the farm
Avoid drinking and eating on animal housing units
Bhushan Jayarao Extension Veterinarian
Department of Veterinary Science Pennsylvania State University, University Park

42. Agents of Bioterrorism