1. The Red River and Northwest Rebellions.

3. * Cause: * 1. The federal gov’t buys Rupert’s Land, which is basically an “unclaimed” area controlled by the Hudson’s Bay Company. * 2. The gov’t decided to give this land to immigrants and other Canadians in order to settle the West. * 3. Basically: a white & English invasion in Aboriginal territory.

4. * Reaction: * 1. Louis Riel leads the Metis rebels. Result: 1. 1870: Manitoba is created. It is bilingual with separate Catholic and Protestant schools. But the gov’t still controls the land. * 2. Eventually English Canadians take control of Manitoba, and many Metis leave Manitoba. * 3. Riel leaves as an arrest warrant is out in his name.

6. * Causes: * 1. Development of the railway in Aboriginal territory without the permission of Aboriginals frustrates the Cree and Metis. * 2. Bison (animal, which is a staple of Aboriginal diet) is overhunted and disappears. * Reaction: * 1. Cree chief Big Bear demands more land and autonomy for the reserves.

8. * Reaction: * 2. 1884: Riel returns and demands more rights for Aboriginals. * 3. 1885: Riel sets up a provisional gov’t and encourages the Metis to fight.

9. * Result: * 1. The federal gov’t effectively squashes both rebellions. * 2. Riel is hanged for treason, Big Bear is imprisoned. * 3. 1905: Saskatchewan and Alberta are added to Confederation.