2. Natural Hazards? 1. A natural disaster (physical event)  Volcanic eruption  Earthquake  Landslide 2. Human activity  Ex: coastal settlement of populations

3. Basically….. A natural hazard is a naturally occurring event/phenomenon that has an effect on people

4. Hazard - a threat (natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, socio- economic disruption or environmental degradation. Terms to Know

5. Disaster - a major hazard that causes widespread disruption with significant demographic, economic and environmental loss.  The affected community needs outside help. Terms to Know

6. Vulnerability  Vulnerability = susceptibility to injury or attack  Human vulnerability leads to financial, structural, and human losses.  Natural hazards only occur in inhabited areas  A natural disaster in an uninhabited area has little tangible impact on people  Natural hazards are increasing because of…  Population growth (more people)  Urbanization (lots of people in small spaces)  Alteration of the natural environment (manmade islands)

7. Risk - the probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences. Expected losses, death injury etc. Terms to Know

8. Hazards’ Human Costs  Every year natural disasters leave…  4,000,000 homeless  46,000 injured  5520 dead  These figures do not include the recent tsunami in Asia (273,000) and Hurricane Katrina (1000) Source: The International Red Cross

9. Natural Disaster Quotes  Mr. Speaker, from hurricanes and floods in Latin America to earthquakes in Asia, natural disasters are increasingly becoming a regular feature of life for large numbers of people around the globe. Earl Blumenauer Earl Blumenauer

10. Quote to Elaborate  a world full of competing emergencies and disasters, it really helps if there is an international locomotive that can help us bring attention - help us bring resources. Jan Egeland Jan Egeland  Did you know that the word "tsunami," which is now being used worldwide, is a Japanese word? This is indicative of the extent to which Japan has been subject to frequent tsunami disasters in the past. Junichiro Koizumi Junichiro Koizumi

11. Positive Effects  natural disasters have beneficial ecological consequences.  rejuvenation of a coniferous forest months and/or years after fires  recharging of groundwater stocks after a flood).  benefits tend to become apparent months or years after an extreme event

12. Methods of Classification  Calculating human costs  Impact measured by:  loss of life (total deaths)  number of injuries  damage to property (replacement costs)

13. Methods of Classification  Strength/size/intensity of event  Hurricane system  Tropical depression, tropical storm, category 1-5  Tornado scale  Force 1-5  Richter scale (seismic events)  Scale of 1-9, with 9 being cataclysmic, worldwide event  Epidemic, pandemic

14. Methods of Classification  Regional occurrence  Hurricane (Atlantic)  Typhoon (Pacific rim)  Monsoon (Asia, Africa)  Frequency of occurrence  Annually?  Centenially?

15. Disaster Categories  We classify natural disasters by the chief process or sphere in which it operates  Ex: Atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere  This system has three categories

16. Atmospheric Hazards Cyclonic Storms (hurricane, typhoon, cyclone) Tornado (twisters, dust devils) Severe Storm (White Juan, Nor’easter) Flooding (heavy rains) Drought (lack of rain, prolonged high pressure) Wildfire (wind, lightning) Severe Weather (hot/cold) ex: ice storm

17. Biological Hazards Infectious Disease  HIV, H1N1, Bubonic Plague) Parasitic Disease  ringworm Insect Infestation  malaria, West Nile virus Plant Disease  Dutch Elm disease, blight

18. Geological Hazards Slide (mud, land, rock) Volcanic Activity Earthquake Avalanche Tsunami (tidal wave)

19. Comparison and Analysis  Any one disaster can be described by analyzing various factors that determine how great an impact it will have on people  This system recognizes six main factors

20. Comparison and Analysis 1. Frequency  how often is the event likely to happen 2. Duration  the length of time the event lasts 3. Extent  Size of area or region affected  Town? Continent? Region?

21. Comparison and Analysis 4. Speed of onset 4. sudden, without warning, over quickly? 5. build slowly before a peak period 5. Spatial dispersion  area likely to be affected by a particular event 6. Temporal spacing  how hazards and disasters occur in time; are they random or do they occur within a cycle

22.  Earthquakes occur along the boundaries of the tectonic plates of the earth’s crust.  When these plates come in contact with each other, the pressure builds up and an earthquake occurs. Earthquakes

23. Tectonic Plates

24. Convergent Boundaries - When two plates collide together. This created the Himalayan mountains. Subduction occurs when one oceanic plate goes under a land plate. Created the Andes Mountains. Types of Earthquakes

25. Divergent - When two plates are moving apart. Types of Earthquakes

26.  Transform Boundaries - when two plates slide past each other.  This is occurring along the San Andreas Fault in California. Types of Earthquakes

27. Nuclear testing Building large dams Drilling for oil and gas Coal mining Earthquakes - Human Causes

28.  Strength and depth of earthquake, and number of aftershocks.  Population density Factors Affecting Earthquake Damage

29.  Time of Day  Types of rock and sediments that buildings are built on.  Secondary hazards  Economic development Factors Affecting Earthquake Damage

30.  Type of buildings - MEDCs countries tend to have better quality buildings and insurance than LEDCs.  More prepared (ability to predict)  More effective emergency services  Funds to rebuild  Relationships with other MEDCs Factors Affecting Earthquake Damage - MEDCs vs. LEDCs