1. Exploring the Oceans Chapter C4

2. Wind and Waves (C94)  Most of the movement of water on the ocean’s surface is due to _________, which is the up-and-down movement of surface water  Most waves are caused by ________  When wind blows over the _________ of a body of water, it causes the surface of the water to move with it  Because water moves more __________ than air, the water piles up, forming a ripple  The wind then pushes on the side of the ripple, making it grow in _________, and turning the ripple into a _________  The height of a wave is related to how ________ the wind blows  Even though the water in a wave may rise and fall as much as 30 m (or 100 feet), very little of the water moves __________  What moves across the ocean’s surface is____________  Be able to explain the analogy of the rope: movement due to shaking creates a side to side or up and down movement, but the rope itself stays in one place  Most of the movement of water on the ocean’s surface is due to _________, which is the up-and-down movement of surface water  Most waves are caused by ________  When wind blows over the _________ of a body of water, it causes the surface of the water to move with it  Because water moves more __________ than air, the water piles up, forming a ripple  The wind then pushes on the side of the ripple, making it grow in _________, and turning the ripple into a _________  The height of a wave is related to how ________ the wind blows  Even though the water in a wave may rise and fall as much as 30 m (or 100 feet), very little of the water moves __________  What moves across the ocean’s surface is____________  Be able to explain the analogy of the rope: movement due to shaking creates a side to side or up and down movement, but the rope itself stays in one place

3. Other Kinds of Waves (C95)  While most waves are caused by _______, some may be caused by ___________, __________, and extremely low _____ _____________  The giant waves caused by earthquakes and volcanoes are called __________  Tsunamis may go unnoticed in the _______ ocean, but when they reach shore, ________ with the ocean bottom _______ the wave, causing it to grow in height  During hurricanes and tropical storms, large domes of water called ________ ________ form  Strong winds form huge waves on _____ of the storm surge, and they push this high water ________ of the storm  Another kind of wave is called a __________ wave which is a _________ wave and much higher than the waves around it  Many rogue waves form when large storm waves _________ together  While most waves are caused by _______, some may be caused by ___________, __________, and extremely low _____ _____________  The giant waves caused by earthquakes and volcanoes are called __________  Tsunamis may go unnoticed in the _______ ocean, but when they reach shore, ________ with the ocean bottom _______ the wave, causing it to grow in height  During hurricanes and tropical storms, large domes of water called ________ ________ form  Strong winds form huge waves on _____ of the storm surge, and they push this high water ________ of the storm  Another kind of wave is called a __________ wave which is a _________ wave and much higher than the waves around it  Many rogue waves form when large storm waves _________ together

4. Currents (#1-C96)  Currents move ________ water than waves do  An ocean current is a stream of water that flows like a _______ through the ocean  Unlike waves, currents actually move water _________, sometimes for long distances  _________ currents are large ocean currents that flow across the surface of the ocean and are caused by ___________ winds  As prevailing wind blows across the surface of the ocean, the water begins to move as a __________  A single one of these “ocean rivers” can move more water than the __________, the largest river in the world  __________ currents can carry cold water to warm regions and warm water to cold regions  Currents move ________ water than waves do  An ocean current is a stream of water that flows like a _______ through the ocean  Unlike waves, currents actually move water _________, sometimes for long distances  _________ currents are large ocean currents that flow across the surface of the ocean and are caused by ___________ winds  As prevailing wind blows across the surface of the ocean, the water begins to move as a __________  A single one of these “ocean rivers” can move more water than the __________, the largest river in the world  __________ currents can carry cold water to warm regions and warm water to cold regions

5. Currents (#2-C96)  Shoreline currents are _________ currents that run along the _________  _________ winds and shifting beach material may cause shoreline currents to _________ from day to day  A _____ _________ is a shoreline current that flows away from the beach and occur usually where a long ridge of sand (sand spit) forms _________ near a beach  Ocean waves flow over the sand spit toward the _________ but water from waves cannot flow back over the _______ ________  The water is trapped in the sand pit until a small break opens up in it and then the water flows _________ out through the opening, producing a strong _________  Shoreline currents are _________ currents that run along the _________  _________ winds and shifting beach material may cause shoreline currents to _________ from day to day  A _____ _________ is a shoreline current that flows away from the beach and occur usually where a long ridge of sand (sand spit) forms _________ near a beach  Ocean waves flow over the sand spit toward the _________ but water from waves cannot flow back over the _______ ________  The water is trapped in the sand pit until a small break opens up in it and then the water flows _________ out through the opening, producing a strong _________

6. Currents (#3-C96-97)  When waves strike the shore at an __________, they move water forward along the shore. The movement of water parallel to the beach produces __________ current, another type of shoreline current  Longshore currents carry large amounts of beach __________ from one place to another  Currents do not move in the same __________ all of the time  Earth’s ___________ causes ocean currents to bend to the right in the ___________ Hemisphere and to the left in the ____________ Hemisphere  As a result, the currents start moving in giant __________  Deep-ocean currents are caused by differences in water _____________  Cold water is __________ than warm water, so it ________ and flows along the bottom of the ocean  When waves strike the shore at an __________, they move water forward along the shore. The movement of water parallel to the beach produces __________ current, another type of shoreline current  Longshore currents carry large amounts of beach __________ from one place to another  Currents do not move in the same __________ all of the time  Earth’s ___________ causes ocean currents to bend to the right in the ___________ Hemisphere and to the left in the ____________ Hemisphere  As a result, the currents start moving in giant __________  Deep-ocean currents are caused by differences in water _____________  Cold water is __________ than warm water, so it ________ and flows along the bottom of the ocean

7. Tides (C98-99)  Once or twice each ______, ocean water rises and falls at every beach around the world and this is called the ________  Tides are caused by the pull of ________ of the sun and the moon on Earth’s waters  Since the moon is _________ to Earth than the sun, it has a _________ effect on the tides than the sun does  The pull of the _________ combines with the Earth’s _________ to produce traveling bulges of water  The moon’s pull on the oceans is strongest on the side _________ the moon and as Earth _________ it pulls these bulges along  These bulges of water on either side of Earth are called _______ ________ and low-water levels between high tides are called ______ _________  Most coastal areas have one or two ______ and _______ tides every 24 hours and their occurance times can be ____________  Once or twice each ______, ocean water rises and falls at every beach around the world and this is called the ________  Tides are caused by the pull of ________ of the sun and the moon on Earth’s waters  Since the moon is _________ to Earth than the sun, it has a _________ effect on the tides than the sun does  The pull of the _________ combines with the Earth’s _________ to produce traveling bulges of water  The moon’s pull on the oceans is strongest on the side _________ the moon and as Earth _________ it pulls these bulges along  These bulges of water on either side of Earth are called _______ ________ and low-water levels between high tides are called ______ _________  Most coastal areas have one or two ______ and _______ tides every 24 hours and their occurance times can be ____________

8. At the Shore (C102-103)  The area from where waves begin to break to the highest place they reach on the beach is called the ________ and is the area where the ocean and land interact  Waves can change the shore by ________ pebbles and rocks against the shore, which _______ the bottoms of cliffs and causes them to break apart and fall into the ocean  Another way waves change the shore is through ________ ________ caused by breaking of waves and loosening pebbles and rocks which are carried away into the ocean  The final way waves change the shore is through dissolving of rock because saltwater is a weak _______  Where shore is made of hard rock and soft rock, erosion is _________ because soft rock erodes _________ than hard rock  As soft rock is washed away, hard rock may be left as a hard point, or ____________ and caves can be cut into the headland as well by the ocean  ______________ currents can move sand, pebbles, and shells along the shore and can even create new beaches  The area from where waves begin to break to the highest place they reach on the beach is called the ________ and is the area where the ocean and land interact  Waves can change the shore by ________ pebbles and rocks against the shore, which _______ the bottoms of cliffs and causes them to break apart and fall into the ocean  Another way waves change the shore is through ________ ________ caused by breaking of waves and loosening pebbles and rocks which are carried away into the ocean  The final way waves change the shore is through dissolving of rock because saltwater is a weak _______  Where shore is made of hard rock and soft rock, erosion is _________ because soft rock erodes _________ than hard rock  As soft rock is washed away, hard rock may be left as a hard point, or ____________ and caves can be cut into the headland as well by the ocean  ______________ currents can move sand, pebbles, and shells along the shore and can even create new beaches

9. Human Activities Affect the Shore (C104)  Human activities also change the ________ and they may build structures to protect their beaches from _________  These structures can block _________ currents and change the natural ________ that erode and build up a shore  At Cape Hatteras along the Atlantic Ocean coastline in North Carolina, the _________ was in danger of falling into the sea because of _________  To save the lighthouse, three _________ were built along the water’s edge to catch sand and build up the ________  A jetty is a ______-like structure made of _______ that sticks out into the ________  A jetty protects a beach by __________ sand and pebbles that normally flow down the coast with the _________ current  Jetties can __________ the erosion and loss of sand of nearby beaches however  Human activities also change the ________ and they may build structures to protect their beaches from _________  These structures can block _________ currents and change the natural ________ that erode and build up a shore  At Cape Hatteras along the Atlantic Ocean coastline in North Carolina, the _________ was in danger of falling into the sea because of _________  To save the lighthouse, three _________ were built along the water’s edge to catch sand and build up the ________  A jetty is a ______-like structure made of _______ that sticks out into the ________  A jetty protects a beach by __________ sand and pebbles that normally flow down the coast with the _________ current  Jetties can __________ the erosion and loss of sand of nearby beaches however

10. Exploring the Ocean (C108-109)  ______% of the Earth is covered by water  Detailed studies of the oceans began in _____ with the voyage of the ______ ship HMS Challenger and scientists spent more than three years at sea  They studied the ________ of the water and collected ocean plants, animals, and ________  Using a __________ line and a _______ ________ they measured a water depth of about 26,850 feet in the western Pacific  They also captured and classified 4717 new species of ___________ life  Today scientists use ________ equipment to assist with exploring the oceans (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)  They travel in small, underwater vehicles called _________  _________ are used to study ocean currents from space and sonar, a device that uses _________ waves, is used to map the ocean floor  ______% of the Earth is covered by water  Detailed studies of the oceans began in _____ with the voyage of the ______ ship HMS Challenger and scientists spent more than three years at sea  They studied the ________ of the water and collected ocean plants, animals, and ________  Using a __________ line and a _______ ________ they measured a water depth of about 26,850 feet in the western Pacific  They also captured and classified 4717 new species of ___________ life  Today scientists use ________ equipment to assist with exploring the oceans (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus)  They travel in small, underwater vehicles called _________  _________ are used to study ocean currents from space and sonar, a device that uses _________ waves, is used to map the ocean floor

11. Submersibles (C110-111)  One of the best-known submersibles is ________ and by the _____’s it was exploring the oceans  In 1977 scientists in Alvin discovered underwater vents along the _____-________ Ridge  In 1986 Alvin was used to explore the wreckage of the sunken ship ________  Name four parts or items found on a submersible (C110- 111)  Submersibles have been able to make important scientific _________, as well as explore _________ ships  One of the best-known submersibles is ________ and by the _____’s it was exploring the oceans  In 1977 scientists in Alvin discovered underwater vents along the _____-________ Ridge  In 1986 Alvin was used to explore the wreckage of the sunken ship ________  Name four parts or items found on a submersible (C110- 111)  Submersibles have been able to make important scientific _________, as well as explore _________ ships

12. Using Ocean Resources #1 (C112)  We know the oceans contain huge amounts of _______ _______  They are filled with ______ and _______  The ocean floor contains many __________ and _____ and ______ are buried deep beneath the ocean floor  Among the ocean’s most important resources are its ______ and _________  __________, a product made from seaweed, is used in foods, toothpaste, hand creams, and fertilizers  As resources on land become ________, people are beginning to mine underwater _________ deposits  Hundreds of millions of tons of sand and gravel are dredged from the sea and used for _______ construction and ___________ materials  Mining minerals can be difficult due to their ________ of 13,125 feet or more  We know the oceans contain huge amounts of _______ _______  They are filled with ______ and _______  The ocean floor contains many __________ and _____ and ______ are buried deep beneath the ocean floor  Among the ocean’s most important resources are its ______ and _________  __________, a product made from seaweed, is used in foods, toothpaste, hand creams, and fertilizers  As resources on land become ________, people are beginning to mine underwater _________ deposits  Hundreds of millions of tons of sand and gravel are dredged from the sea and used for _______ construction and ___________ materials  Mining minerals can be difficult due to their ________ of 13,125 feet or more

13. Using Ocean Resources #2 (C112)  __________ and _______ ______ are pumped from beneath the ocean floor using huge offshore drilling ______  Almost a ________ or 25% of the world’s petroleum and natural gas come from under the ________  Much of the world’s ______ is obtained through the process of _________ to remove this resource from ocean water  In some parts of the world, freshwater supplies are so limited that __________ is used to purify water for use  __________ and _______ ______ are pumped from beneath the ocean floor using huge offshore drilling ______  Almost a ________ or 25% of the world’s petroleum and natural gas come from under the ________  Much of the world’s ______ is obtained through the process of _________ to remove this resource from ocean water  In some parts of the world, freshwater supplies are so limited that __________ is used to purify water for use