1. Ying Yi PhD Chapter 5 Energy 1 PHYS I @ HCC

2. Forms of Energy Mechanical Focus for now May be kinetic (associated with motion) or potential (associated with position) Chemical Electromagnetic Nuclear 2 PHYS I @ HCC

3. Energy Conservation Assumption The total amount of energy in the Universe never changes. Energy can be transformed from one form to another. Essential to the study of physics, chemistry, biology, geology, astronomy Can be used in place of Newton’s laws to solve certain problems more simply 3 PHYS I @ HCC

4. Outline PHYS I @ HCC 4 Work Work-Energy Theorem Potential Energy  Gravitational Potential Energy  Spring Potential Energy Power

5. Work (Link between force and energy) Definition: The work, W, done by a constant force on an object is defined as the product of the component of the force along the direction of displacement and the magnitude of the displacement Units: Newton meter = Joule N m = J J = kg m 2 / s 2 5 PHYS I @ HCC

6. 6 Work (Same direction) W = F  x This equation applies when the force is in the same direction as the displacement are in the same direction

7. PHYS I @ HCC 7 Work (Different Direction) W = (F cos  )  x F is the magnitude of the force Δ x is the magnitude of the object’s displacement q is the angle between Question: Does work have anything to do with velocity and acceleration? Is work a scalar or vector?

8. Work (Multiple forces) If there are multiple forces acting on an object, the total work done is the algebraic sum of the amount of work done by each force 8 PHYS I @ HCC

9. False or True Questions PHYS I @ HCC 9 When the force is perpendicular to the displacement cos 90° = 0, the work done by a force is zero. Work can be positive and negative. True

10. PHYS I @ HCC 10 When Work is Zero? Displacement is horizontal Force is vertical cos 90° = 0

11. PHYS I @ HCC 11 Work Can Be Positive or Negative Work is positive when lifting the box Work would be negative if lowering the box The force would still be upward, but the displacement would be downward

12. Work and Dissipative Forces Work can be done by friction The energy lost to friction by an object goes into heating both the object and its environment Some energy may be converted into sound For now, the phrase “Work done by friction” will denote the effect of the friction processes on mechanical energy alone 12 PHYS I @ HCC

13. Example 5.1 Sledding PHYS I @ HCC 13 An Eskimo returning from a successful fishing trip pulls a sled loaded with salmon. The total mass of the sled and salmon is 50.0 kg, and the Eskimo exerts a force of magnitude 1.20×10 2 N on the sled by pulling on the rope. (a) How much work does he do on the sled if the rope is horizontal to the ground ( Ɵ =0° in Fig. 5.6) and he pulls the sled 5.00 m? (b) How much work does he do on the sled if Ɵ =30.0° and he pulls the sled the same distance? (Treat the sled as a point particle, so details such as the point of attachment of the rope make no difference.) (c) At a coordinate position of 12.4 m, the Eskimo lets up on the applied force. A friction force of 45.0 N between the ice and the sled brings the sled to rest at a coordinate position of 18.2 m. How much work does friction do on the sled?

14. Work (Varying Force) PHYS I @ HCC 14 The work done by a variable force acting on an object that undergoes a displacement is equal to the area under the graph of F x versus x

15. PHYS I @ HCC 15 Spring Example Spring is slowly stretched from 0 to xmax W = ½kx²

16. Example 5.15 Work required to stretch a Spring PHYS I @ HCC 16 One end of a horizontal spring (k=80.0 N/m) is held fixed while an external force is applied to the free end, stretching it slowly from x A =0 to x B =4.00 cm. (a) find the work done by the applied force on the spring. (b) Find the additional work done in stretching the spring from x B =4.00 cm to x C =7.00 cm.

17. Work & Kinetic Energy PHYS I @ HCC 17 Recall motion equation: Work Energy Theory

18. Kinetic Energy Energy associated with the motion of an object Scalar quantity with the same units as work Work is related to kinetic energy 18 PHYS I @ HCC

19. Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem When work is done by a net force on an object and the only change in the object is its speed, the work done is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy Speed will increase if work is positive Speed will decrease if work is negative 19 PHYS I @ HCC

20. Example 5.3 Collision Analysis PHYS I @ HCC 20 The driver of a 1.00×10 3 kg car traveling on the interstate at 35.0 m/s (nearly 80.0 mph) slams on his brakes to avoid hitting a second vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of congestion ahead (Fig. 5.9). After the brakes are applied, a constant kinetic friction force of magnitude 8.00×10 3 N acts on the car. Ignore air resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes be applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If the distance between the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at what speed would the collision occurs?

21. Types of Forces There are two general kinds of forces Conservative Work and energy associated with the force can be recovered Nonconservative The forces are generally dissipative and work done against it cannot easily be recovered 21 PHYS I @ HCC

22. Conservative Forces A force is conservative if the work it does on an object moving between two points is independent of the path the objects take between the points Examples of conservative forces include: Gravity Spring force Electromagnetic forces 22 PHYS I @ HCC

23. Nonconservative Forces A force is nonconservative if the work it does on an object depends on the path taken by the object between its final and starting points. Examples of nonconservative forces Kinetic friction, air drag, propulsive forces 23 PHYS I @ HCC

24. 24 Nonconservative Force (Friction) The blue path is shorter than the red path The work required is less on the blue path than on the red path Friction depends on the path and so is a non-conservative force

25. Work done by conservative force PHYS I @ HCC 25 Gravitational potential energy

26. Potential Energy Potential energy is associated with the position of the object within some system Potential energy is a property of the system, not the object A system is a collection of objects interacting via forces or processes that are internal to the system 26 PHYS I @ HCC

27. Work and Potential Energy For every conservative force a potential energy function can be found Evaluating the difference of the function at any two points in an object’s path gives the negative of the work done by the force between those two points 27 PHYS I @ HCC

28. Gravitational Potential Energy Gravitational Potential Energy is the energy associated with the relative position of an object in space near the Earth’s surface Objects interact with the earth through the gravitational force Actually the potential energy is for the earth-object system 28 PHYS I @ HCC

29. 29 Work and Gravitational Potential Energy PE = mgy Units of Potential Energy are the same as those of Work and Kinetic Energy

30. PHYS I @ HCC 30 Work and Gravitational Potential Energy PE = mgy Units of Potential Energy are the same as those of Work and Kinetic Energy

31. Work-Energy Theorem, Extended The work-energy theorem can be extended to include potential energy: If other conservative forces are present, potential energy functions can be developed for them and their change in that potential energy added to the right side of the equation 31 PHYS I @ HCC

32. Reference Levels for Gravitational Potential Energy Often the Earth’s surface May be some other point suggested by the problem Once the position is chosen, it must remain fixed for the entire problem 32 PHYS I @ HCC

33. 33 Reference Levels, cont At location A, the desk may be the convenient reference level At location B, the floor could be used At location C, the ground would be the most logical reference level The choice is arbitrary, though

34. Example 5.4 Skis PHYS I @ HCC 34 A 60.0 kg skier is at the top of a slope, as shown in Figure 5.14, At the initial point A, she is 10.0 m vertically above point B. (a) Setting the zero level for gravitational potential energy at B, find the gravitational potential energy of this system when the skier is at A and then at B. Finally, find the change in potential energy of the skier-Earth system at the skier goes from point A to point B. (b) Repeat this problem with the zero level at point A. (c) Repeat again, with the zero level 2.00 m higher than point B.

35. Conservation of Mechanical Energy Conservation in general To say a physical quantity is conserved is to say that the numerical value of the quantity remains constant throughout any physical process although the quantities may change form In Conservation of Energy, the total mechanical energy remains constant In any isolated system of objects interacting only through conservative forces, the total mechanical energy of the system remains constant. 35 PHYS I @ HCC

36. Conservation of Energy, cont. Total mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies in the system Other types of potential energy functions can be added to modify this equation 36 PHYS I @ HCC

37. Problem Solving with Conservation of Energy Define the system Verify that only conservative forces are present Select the location of zero gravitational potential energy, where y = 0 Do not change this location while solving the problem Identify two points the object of interest moves between One point should be where information is given The other point should be where you want to find out something 37 PHYS I @ HCC

38. Problem Solving, cont Apply the conservation of energy equation to the system Immediately substitute zero values, then do the algebra before substituting the other values Solve for the unknown Typically a speed or a position Substitute known values Calculate result 38 PHYS I @ HCC

39. Work-Energy With Nonconservative Forces If nonconservative forces are present, then the full Work-Energy Theorem must be used instead of the equation for Conservation of Energy Often techniques from previous chapters will need to be employed 39 PHYS I @ HCC

40. Group Problem PHYS I @ HCC 40 Waterslides are nearly frictionless, hence can provide bored students with high-speed thrills (Fig. 5.18). One such slide, Der Stuka, named for the terrifying German dive bombers of World War II, is 72.0 feet high (21.9 m), found at Six Flags in Dallas, Texas. (a) Determine the speed of a 60.0 kg woman at the bottom of such a slide, assuming no friction is present. (b) If the woman is clocked at 18.0 m/s at the bottom of the slide, find the work done on the woman by friction.

41. Potential Energy Stored in a Spring Involves the spring constant, k Hooke’s Law gives the force F = - k x F is the restoring force F is in the opposite direction of x k depends on how the spring was formed, the material it is made from, thickness of the wire, etc. 41 PHYS I @ HCC

42. Potential Energy in a Spring Elastic Potential Energy Related to the work required to compress a spring from its equilibrium position to some final, arbitrary, position x 42 PHYS I @ HCC

43. 43 Spring Potential Energy, Example A) The spring is in equilibrium, neither stretched or compressed B) The spring is compressed, storing potential energy C) The block is released and the potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy of the block

44. Work-Energy Theorem Including a Spring W nc = (KE f – KE i ) + (PE gf – PE gi ) + (PE sf – PE si ) PE g is the gravitational potential energy PE s is the elastic potential energy associated with a spring PE will now be used to denote the total potential energy of the system 44 PHYS I @ HCC

45. Conservation of Energy Including a Spring The PE of the spring is added to both sides of the conservation of energy equation The same problem-solving strategies apply 45 PHYS I @ HCC

46. Example5.9 Spring PHYS I @ HCC 46 A block with mass of 5.00 kg is attached to a horizontal spring with spring constant k=4.00×10 2 N/m, as in Figure 5.21. The surface the block rests upon is frictionless. If the block is pulled out to x i =0.0500 m and released, (a) find the speed of the block when it first reaches the equilibrium point, (b) find the speed when x=0.0250 m, and (c) repeat part (a) if friction acts on the block, with coefficient µ k =0.150.

47. Nonconservative Forces with Energy Considerations When nonconservative forces are present, the total mechanical energy of the system is not constant The work done by all nonconservative forces acting on parts of a system equals the change in the mechanical energy of the system 47 PHYS I @ HCC

48. Nonconservative Forces and Energy In equation form: The energy can either cross a boundary or the energy is transformed into a form of non- mechanical energy such as thermal energy 48 PHYS I @ HCC

49. Transferring Energy By Work By applying a force Produces a displacement of the system Heat The process of transferring heat by collisions between atoms or molecules For example, when a spoon rests in a cup of coffee, the spoon becomes hot because some of the KE of the molecules in the coffee is transferred to the molecules of the spoon as internal energy 49 PHYS I @ HCC

50. Transferring Energy Mechanical Waves A disturbance propagates through a medium Examples include sound, water, seismic Electrical transmission Transfer by means of electrical current This is how energy enters any electrical device 50 PHYS I @ HCC

51. Transferring Energy Electromagnetic radiation Any form of electromagnetic waves Light, microwaves, radio waves For example Cooking something in your microwave oven Light energy traveling from the Sun to the Earth 51 PHYS I @ HCC

52. Notes About Conservation of Energy We can neither create nor destroy energy Another way of saying energy is conserved If the total energy of the system does not remain constant, the energy must have crossed the boundary by some mechanism Applies to areas other than physics 52 PHYS I @ HCC

53. Power Often also interested in the rate at which the energy transfer takes place Power is defined as this rate of energy transfer SI units are Watts (W) 53 PHYS I @ HCC

54. Power, cont. US Customary units are generally hp Need a conversion factor Can define units of work or energy in terms of units of power: kilowatt hours (kWh) are often used in electric bills This is a unit of energy, not power 54 PHYS I @ HCC

55. Example 5.12 Power PHYS I @ HCC 55 A 1.00×10 3 kg elevator car carries a maximum load of 8.00×102 kg. A constant frictional force of 4.00×10 3 N retards its motion upward, as in Figure 5.26. What minimum power, in kiloatts and in horsepower, must the motor deliver to lift the fully loaded elevator car at a constant speed of 3.00 m/s?