1. Psychologists and Perspectives MR. ROORDA

2. Objectives: 1. Compare and contrast the psychological perspectives. 2. Identify basic and applied research subfields of psychology. Essential Question: How do the various perspectives of psychology reflect the different beliefs of our earliest psychologists?

3. I. Classification of Psychologists A. Practitioner 1. Provide services such as therapy, counseling and consulting 2. May also conduct research B. Academic 1. Employed in college/university settings 2. Primary responisibilities include teaching, research and writing but may also include consulting, practice and administration

4. I. Classification of Psychologists C. Researchers 1. Employed by industry, business and the government 2. Examine diverse phenomena. Examples: a. The effects of coffee breaks on work productivity b. Optimal training procedures for a specific job c. Ways to change behaviors that would prevent the spread of HIV

5. II. Subfields in Psychology A. Clinical Psychologists: 1. Largest group of practitioners 2. Involved in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders 3. Duties include psychological testing, interviewing and therapy

6. II. Subfields in Psychology B. Counseling Psychologists: 1. Often work with clientele whose problems are of a moderate degree 2. Many counseling psychologists specialize in marital or family counseling C. School Psychologists: 1. Concerned with social, intellectual and emotional development of elementary and secondary students 2. Work with children, parents and teachers 3. Often test students for special programs D. Educational Psychologists: Involved in teacher training, curriculum design and other related educational processes

7. II. Subfields in Psychology E. Industrial/Organizational Psychologists: 1. Work in business and industry 2. Attempt to improve productivity 3. May develop employee selection programs, work with advertisers, study consumer behavior or design equipment

8. II. Subfields in Psychology F. Experimental Psychologists: 1. Broad classification for laboratory researchers 2. Work primarily in a specific area, such as memory, language or animal behavior G. Social Psychologists: 1. Experimental psychologists who study social situations 2. Study topics such as conformity, obedience and leadership style

9. II. Subfields in Psychology H. Developmental Psychologists: Experimental psychologists who typically research behavior changes occurring across the lifespan that are due to maturation and development I. Psychometric Psychologists: 1. Specialize in the measurement of behavior 2. Particularly skilled at using statistical procedures to develop reliable and valid tests

10. III. Contemporary Theoretical Orientations in Psychology A. Behavioral Approach 1. First described by John B. Watson, 1913 2. Emphasized environmental detenninants of behavior a. Role of heredity greatly deemphasized but not totally denied b. Environment can be manipulated to change behavior, whereas heredity cannot (as yet) 3. Deal with directly observable behaviors a. Explain behavior by assessing the effects of external stimuli b. Behavior is detennined by the occurrence of external events 4. B.F. Skinner: Prominent advocate for this approach

11. III. Contemporary Theoretical Orientations in Psychology B. Biological Approach 1. Behavior understood by describing underlying biochemical and neurological causes 2. Reductionistic: Observable behaviors reduced to physiological explanations 3. Roger Sperry: Won Nobel Prize for his split-brain research

12. III. Contemporary Theoretical Orientations in Psychology C. Cognitive Approach 1. Origins can be traced to Gestalt psychology, as cognitive psychologists study thoughts and mental processes 2. Study the intervening mental processes between stimulus inputs and response outputs 3. Significant contributions made in the areas of language, thought and memory 4. Prominent figures include Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Herbert Simon and Noam Chomsky

13. III. Contemporary Theoretical Orientations in Psychology D. Humanistic Approach 1. Emerged in the 1950s 2. Viewed behavior as a product of free will and opposed the determinism of behaviorism and psychoanalysis 3. Believed too much emphasis placed on "rat studies" in the understanding of human behavior 4. Emphasized the inherent goodness of human beings 5. Developed methods of psychotherapy consistent with their views 6. Prominent figures include Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and Gordon Allport

14. III. Contemporary Theoretical Orientations in Psychology E. Psychoanalytic Approach 1. Developed by Sigmund Freud 2. Human behavior primarily determined by unconscious processes 3. Theory not based on experimental evidence; many aspects of Freud's psychoanalytic theory are untestable 4. Influential on American psychology (e.g., stressed the importance of early experiences in determining later behavior patterns)

15. Be Active: Exercise B It is possible and probable that the work of several different kinds of psychologists have had a direct and/ or indirect impact on your psychology classroom, curriculum and instruction. How is this possible? What kinds of psychologists have had a direct impact? Indirect? Create a list of the different kinds of psychologists and their possible efforts.