1. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Instantaneous theoretical and actual solar insolation at 40°N latitude on summer and winter solstice. The solid lines are for a south- facing surface inclined at 15.7 deg with the ground, while the dotted lines are for a north-facing surface inclined at 15.7 deg with the ground. The theoretical data were generated using relationships available in Ref. [2]. The actual data, indicated by dots, were obtained from the National Solar Radiation database [19] for 2010 and averaged over five North American cities (Columbus, Philadelphia, Denver, Indianapolis, and Baltimore) all of which are located at 40°N latitude. Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Radiation flow pathways in (a) in actual tree and (b) solar tree Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Geometry and boundary conditions for the test case used for validation study. The red dotted lines indicate paths along which the heat fluxes predicted by the two methods were compared. Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Comparison of nondimensional heat fluxes computed on the various walls Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Simulated single-layer solar tree with individual leaves (solar cells) tilted within the range ±20 deg: (a) computational domain and (b) mesh used for simulation Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Computed nondimensional radiation flux on a single-layer solar tree with 40 deg solar incidence angle and leaf tilt angles ranging between ±20 deg Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Double-layer solar tree: (a) geometry, (b) computed nondimensional radiation heat flux with 40 deg solar incidence angle and leaf tilt angles ranging between ±20 deg for the inner layer only Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Improvement manifested by adding a second inner layer to the solar tree for various number if leaves in the outer layer. In each case, 191 additional leaves were placed in the second inner layer. For both layers, leaves were not tilted. Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 6/1/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Monte Carlo Simulation of Sunlight Transport in Solar Trees for Effective Sunlight Capture J. Sol. Energy Eng. 2015;137(2):021015-021015-9. doi:10.1115/1.4028915 Daily performance of a flat panel and a double-layered solar tree with area ratio 1.91 situated in Boulder, Colorado (40°N latitude): (a) solar incidence (or zenith) angle and (b) sunlight captured as extrapolated from Monte Carlo simulations Figure Legend: