1. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
WORK STUDY
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

2. Work study consists of two complementary techniques:
A. Method Study
B. Work Measurement
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

3. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Method study:
Is considered to one of the principal techniques by which the work involved in the product or the process could be decreased by systematic investigation. It helps to eliminate the unnecessary movements which results in cutting down the ineffective time
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

4. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Work Measurement:
Application of systematic study
It determines the time for a qualified worker to complete a specific job
It defines a level of performance under typical operating conditions.
Time standards provide an indication of expected output
If any ineffective time creeps in later it can be immediately shown
Work measurement is used in budgeting, manpower planning, scheduling, standard costing, and in designing worker incentive schemes.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

5. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Qualified worker:
One who has acquired the skill, knowledge and other attributes to carry out the work by meeting the standards of quantity, quality and safety.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

6. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Qualified Worker:
Achieves smooth and consistent movements
Acquires rhythm
Responds more rapidly to signals
Anticipates difficulties and is more ready to overcome them
Carries out task without much conscious attention and seems relaxed
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

7. In organizations where no work study is conducted:
The existence of ineffective time is not realized/suspected
They may consider ineffective time as a usual phenomenon
They consider it as “Build in process” and nothing much can be done about it.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

8. The most commonly used methods of work measurement are:
Time and Motion Study
Work Sampling
Structured Estimating
Predetermined Time Standard (Maynard Operational Study techniques is one of the widely used techniques)
Standard Data
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

9. The Basic Procedure of Work Measurement:
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

10. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
TIME AND MOTION STUDY
Time study is one of the work measurement techniques
It records the times of performing a certain specific job or its elements
This is done under specific conditions to collect and analyze data
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

11. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Equipments required:
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

12. Selecting the Job for Time Study: Points to remember
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

13. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Think about it!!!
These are only a few reasons of selective a job for time study. Can you identify a job from your organization which requires time and motion study?
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

14. steps required prior to conducting the Time and Motion Study:
A. Precautions:
The purpose and objective of the time study must be clearly explained to everyone. Or else the whole purpose would be lost.
Unless explained, it would be misused/ misrepresented with vested interest by some.
A joint participation of both Union and Management is required in the process.
The study must be conducted on a qualified worker.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

15. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Important points:
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

16. Obtaining and Recording Information:
Information about the job is acquired
from two sources:
Direct Observation
Photography at the work place ( For minute details about the machinery)
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

17. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Checking the Method:
Check if any study has been made before and compare with real situations at present
If compliant has been made, kindly check if there is any change in tools ex: worn out tools or improperly sharpened tools, feeding, flow or any additional work has crept in.
In high repetitive short cycle, changes in method are very difficult to detect.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

18. Breaking the job into elements:
An element is a distinct part of a specified job selected for convenience of observation.
Why elements are required:
To separate the effective time from the ineffective time
To be more accurate. One performer may not have the same pace through out the cycle.
Different types of elements can be classified
It enables to separate very high fatigued elements so that fatigue allowances can be decided.
It helps to detect any elimination and additions of elements. If we study the whole cycle it is very difficult to find out additions or eliminations.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

19. Some types of Elements:
A repetitive element: it occurs in every cycle of an operation,
Occasional element: It occurs at regular intervals.
Constant element: An element where time remain constant at all conditions, example: switching on a mchine,tightening a screw
Variable Element: an element in which the basic time varies in relation to other characteristics, example: Sawing logs, time varies with hardness.
Manual element: an element performed by a worker
Machine element: an element which is performed automatically and can not be manually interfered unless terminated prematurely. Ex: Form Glass Bottles, cutting elements in machine tools.
Governing Element: element which occupies the majority of time in a cycle.
Foreign Element (Out side the cycle): An element observed which does not form a part of an operation.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

20. Timing each Element: Using a Stop Watch
Cumulative timing: The watch runs continuously during the study and all the elements are recorded. At the end of each element, time is recorded. The individual element time is recorded by subtracting from the total time.
Fly back Timing: The stop watch is immediately put to zero after the time of each element is recorded.
ILO advocates the use of cumulative timing. Because, even if we miss one element, the over all time study would be recorded. In fly back method slight delay in putting the stop watch into zero would increase the time of one element.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

21. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
TIME STUDY RATINGS
What is standard rating and standard Performance?
It is not always possible to engage large number of qualified workers. Moreover people do not work consistently from day to day or minute to minute. The examiner must have some means of assessing the rate of the worker whom he is observing. He must identify a standard pace of working. This process of standardization is called as Rating.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

22. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Rating:
Assessment of the worker’s rate of working
Relative to observer’s concept of rate Standard pace
the observer has an image in his mind of a qualified worker who will naturally work with commitment and proper relaxation
Rating is generally denoted by a scale of 100
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

23. Standard Performance:
If a worker maintains a standard pace with appropriate relaxation, the amount of output achieved by him would be termed as standard performance over the shift/day.
Out put which qualified worker would naturally achieve
Without over exertion
Abides by specific methods
Motivated to their work
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

24. Grey Areas in standardizing:
Physique
Environment….etc
Discussions………
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

25. Factors without the control of the Operator
Variations in quality of the material being used
Variations in the tools or equipments being used
Changes in methods and conditions of operation
Variation of Mental attention
Changes in climate, lighting, temperature
The optimum pace at which the worker would work depends on the physical effort required, constant care and attention, training and experience etc
Greater physical effort, awkward position would slow up the pace. Example: a person pushing a car by the window with one hand in the steering wheel would have lesser speed than a person pushing it from behind.
Similarly a person with a heavy weight will have a faster pace because he wants to get rid of it. But he would require more relaxation after the task is done.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

26. Factors within the control of the operator:
Variations due to the individual’s capability, pace
Variations due to the attitude to work
Variations due to the attitude towards an organization (If there is a sense of belongingness)
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

27. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Work content
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

28. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
Allowances:
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

29. The Limitations of Time and Motion Study
Observers are not always competent
Those conducting the study are not always proficient in the job being observed
The actions observed are not always reflective of the group as a whole
Timing by direct observation may lead to inconsistency
Rating is a vary disputed area in Time and Motion Study
It included individual expertise and judgment in various factors
The workers may resent the study if it is being used to determine the pay scale
Workers may change the rate at which they work
Pressure may increase mistakes made
Workers may alter normal work methods to disrupt the study
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

30. Predetermined motion time system (PMTS)
Discussions
What are the advantages of predetermined motion time system?
Setting standards for a very short motions (very hard to evaluate using other measures)
Standard “language” of documenting sequences of elements which define operations
Enable to determine standard times for new operations for whom we don’t have past data
Enable to compare different methods of performing a new task (before applying the preferred method
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

31. MOST (Maynard Operation Sequence Technique)
MOST (Maynard Operation Sequence Technique) is a work measurement technique Maynard and Company, Inc. in the Unites States.
MOST has been already introduced into the wide varieties of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, etc., in EU, US, and Asia.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

32. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
MOST is a work measurement system which can be easily implemented and practically maintained.
MOST is a registered trademark of H. B. Maynard and Company, Inc.
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

33. The MOST Systems family:
MOST is designed in multilevel to suit the various needs of industrial engineers:
Basic MOST
Maxi MOST
Mini MOST
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive

34. Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive
THANK YOU
Arvind Shrouti
OPTION POSITIVE
Pune,INDIA
Arvind Shrouti,Option Positive