1. Chapter 9.1 Byzantine Empire

2. Focus Q #1 List 3 of Justinian’s accomplishments.

3. Focus Q See map on page 286, do the 3 questions

4. Ch. 9 vocab Justinian 1Constantinople 1 Patriarch 1Great Schism 1 Icon 1Steppe 2 Ivan the Great 2Kiev2 Balkan Peninsula 3 Diet 3

5. What you will learnWhy? 1.Byzantine Empire expands under Justinian—creates “a new Rome.” 2.Tension btwn Catholic and Orthodox Christianity 3.Byzantine’s fall to the (Muslim) Turks 1.Eastern Europe is in a unique location-- influences from many places. 2.Justinian’s laws influence us today. 3.Constantinople (Istanbul) is so important militarily, economically.

6. Chapter 9.1 The Byzantine Empire 1.Constantinople was at the crossroads of land and sea routes btwn Europe, Asia, and the Middle East 2.***Grew rich from trade*** 3.It’s leaders encouraged trade and built strong defenses for the city ***Was the capital of the Byzantine Empire***

7. What advantages does Constantinople have?

8. Byzantine Empire

9. Roman Empire…. Look familiar?

10. Constantine creates “New Rome” 1.Constantine rebuilt Greek city of Byzantium—names it Constantinople 2.330—makes it capital of eastern Roman Empire 3.In time, Eastern Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire

11. Constantinople Grows 1.Location, location, location ***On the Bosporus—strait linking Black Sea and Mediterranean*** 2.Excellent harbor, guarded on 3 sides by H2O 3.Constantine build land and sea walls for defense 4.Byzantium—Constantinople—Istanbul, Turkey

12. Walls of Constantinople

16. Constantinople Grows ***commanded key trading routes linking Europe, Asia*** Traders came from China (silk), Egypt (wheat), India (gems), SE Asia (spices), Viking lands (furs)

17. Blending of Cultures 1.Byzantine Empire declined to a small area around Constantinople 2.Existed nearly 1000 yrs. after the fall of the Western Roman Empire 3.As heir to Rome, its civilization blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian cultures w/ those in the Med. area

18. Byzantium Flourishes Under Justinian Empire reaches its peak under Justinian 527—565 ***Determined to revive ancient Rome by taking back land lost to invaders*** Byz. armies led by Belisarius conquer North Africa, Italy, southern Iberian pen. Exhausted Justinian's cash, gains were temporary

19. Byzantine Empire under Justinian, 565 A.D.

20. Justinian’s Legacy’s 532, riots and fire destroyed much of Constantinople Part of the great rebuilding effort was building Hagia Sopia—church—means Holy Wisdom

21. Hagia Sophia

22. Istanbul, Turkey Hagia Sophia

23. Interior of Hagia Sofia

24. 184 feet high Since 1935, a museum

25. Justinian’s Legacy’s ***Greatest achievement—Body of Civil Law***, Know as Justinian’s Code 1.Collected, revised, organized laws of ancient Rome 1100s—Western European monarchs modeled their laws on this Was a guide for international law today

26. Justinian Rules w/ Absolute Power Autocrat— 1 ruler w/ complete authority, ***Justinian has political and spiritual power*** 1.Christ’s co-ruler on Earth 2.Strong central govt, strict control over the economy “the emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body, but in the authority of his rank he is similar to God, who rules all.” 3. Theodora—wife, co-ruler—very strong

27. Economic Strength 1. Peasants—backbone of the empire – Worked the land, payed taxes, soldiers 2.Trade, industry flourished b/c of location 3.Healthy money economy 4.Gold coins stamped w/ Constantine's image circulated from England to China

28. Justinian and Theodora The Bezant: circulated from England to China

29. Military Strength ***Justinian build the strongest military in the world*** Secret weapon—Greek Fire—liquid, probably petroleum, – ignited on contact, couldn’t be put out w/ water – Probably petroleum or a combo of pine resin, naphtha, quicklime, sulfur, or niter Probably petroleum or a combo of pine resinnaphthaquicklimesulfurniter For centuries, Greek Fire was an effective and terrifying weapon of Byz. Navy

30. Greek Fire

31. Greek Fire video http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/chann el/the-link/videos/greek-fire/

32. Empire’s Fortunes Change After Justinian: Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns, Turks attack Byz empire—unsuccessfully for centuries Byz empire serves as a buffer for Western Europe By 600s, 700s Arab armies slowly get much of the Mediterranean area

33. Byzantine Christianity 1.Christianity was practiced differently in Byz Empire and Western Europe 2.Differences caused friction—I know this is shocking….

34. E and W Christianity Differ 1.Byz emperor, not a priest, but appointed the Patriarch—highest church official in Constantinople 2.Byz Christians reject pope’s authority over all Christians 3.***Byz clergy could marry*** 4.Greek, not Latin, was lang. of the church 5.Byz Christians, a little less emphasis on Christmas

35. The Church Divides: Great Schism ***700s, Byz emperor outlawed worship of religious icons: Jesus, Virgin Mary, saints, etc.*** 1.Set off violent battles btwn Pope and Byz emperor 2.A later empress restored use of icons, the conflict left great resentment against the pope

36. The Church Divides: Great Schism 1054, other problems caused a split btwn E and W Christianity—the Great Schism ***b/c of Great Schism, Byz Church became known as Eastern, or Greek, Orthodox Church*** Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other Now treat each other as rivals

37. Early Byzantine Influences: Eastern (or Greek) Orthodox Christianity

38. Moscow, Russia

40. Byz Empire Suffers Crisis, Collapse At the time of the Schism, the empire was in decline Like Western Europe, local lords gained control of large areas Enemies advanced – Normans in southern Italy – Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor

41. Crusades Lead to Plunder of Constantinople 1.1 st crusade—Byzantines ask for Western help to open up the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from Seljuk Turks—1090s 2.In later crusades, trade rivalry sparks violence btwn Byz empire and Venetian merchants 3.1204, Venetian merchants convince (4 th ) crusaders to attack Constantinople – burn and loot the city

43. Crusades Lead to the decline of Byzantine Empire 1.Western Christians rule Constantinople for 57 years 2.***Venetian merchants had gained control of Byzantine trade,*** – draining the wealth (and strength) of the empire 3.Watch out for the Ottoman Turks

44. Constantinople Falls to the Turks 1.1473, Ottoman Turks surround the city 2.Sieges lasts 2 months 3.Ottoman ruler Mehmet II renames the city Istanbul, 4.Becomes center of the Ottoman Empire

45. The Byzantine Heritage 1.To Europeans, it was the enduring symbol of Roman civilization 2.Blended: – Christian religious beliefs w/ – Greek science, philosophy, arts, literature w/ – Roman engineering and law

46. Unique Contributions to the Arts Icons—gave viewers a sense of personal contact w/ the sacred Mosaics—brought scenes from the Bible to life Architecture—palaces and churches blend Greek, roman, Persian styles

47. Istanbul, Turkey Hagia Sophia

48. Biblical Mosaics

49. More Mosaics

50. Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

51. Left side: Children’s Picture Book Use these materials from these subheadings to tell the story of the Byzantines – Constantinople Grows p. 282 – Justinian's Code Had Far-reaching Effects p. 283 – The Church Divides p. 286 – Crusades Lead to Plunder p. 287 All events need a caption as well as a picture (relationship btwn 2 things) which shows a main points from each sub-heading USE COLOR!!

52. Summary On focus Q page 3 things you learned Make 1 simile Reminds me of……