1. Challenges to Immigration 7.2

2. Big Ideas MAIN IDEA: The rapid growth of cities forced people to contend with problems of housing transportation, water, and sanitation WHY IT MATTERS NOW: Consequently, residents of the U.S. cities today enjoy vastly improved living conditions

3. Urban Opportunities The industrial boom lead to the urbanization, or growth of cities, in the Northeast and Midwest Immigrants settled in cities because they were most convenient; Fears of current citizens lead to the Americanization movement: assimilating people of many cultures to the dominate culture Developments in technology and the end of slavery forced many former farmers to move from the rural areas to the cities as well

4. Urban Problems HOUSING: Tenement houses were very common in most cities. They were overcrowded and unsanitary multifamily dwellings TRANSPORTATION: the need to move large numbers of people along fixed routes lead to the development of mass transit. This allowed people to travel between work and home more easily

5. Urban Problems WATER: Access to safe clean water was an issue in cities, many homes did not have running water. This lead to diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever SANITATION: As more and more people moved into cites the need for formal sewage systems and state sanitation departments developed

6. Urban Problems CRIME: Before cities had large police forces crime was a growing concern for those living in cities FIRE: The lack of water, use of candles and kerosene lamps, wooden buildings lead to major fires throughout the country

7. City Reform The problems occurring in cities lead Americans to push for reform. Social Gospel Movement: push for helping the urban poor Settlement Houses: community centers in slum neighborhoods focused on providing assistance to immigrants Jane Adams: influential member of the reform movements lead the way in creation of Chicago's Hull Houses