2. AP Biology 2006-2007 Cellular Respiration Stage 2 & 3: Oxidation of Pyruvate Krebs Cycle

3. AP Biology pyruvate       CO 2 Glycolysis is only the start  Glycolysis  Pyruvate has more energy to yield  if O 2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria  enzymes of Krebs cycle complete the full oxidation of sugar to CO 2 2x2x 6C3C glucose      pyruvate 3C1C

4. AP Biology Cellular respiration

5. AP Biology intermembrane space inner membrane outer membrane matrix cristae Mitochondria — Structure  Double membrane energy harvesting organelle  smooth outer membrane  highly folded inner membrane  CALLED - Cristae- site of ETC  intermembrane space  Matrix- site of Kreb Cycle  inner fluid-filled space  DNA, ribosomes  enzymes mitochondrial DNA What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?

6. AP Biology Mitochondria – Function What does this tell us about the evolution of eukaryotes? Endosymbiosis! Dividing mitochondria Who else divides like that? Advantage of highly folded inner membrane? More surface area for membrane- bound enzymes Membrane-bound proteins Enzymes Oooooh! Form fits function! bacteria!

7. AP Biology pyruvate    acetyl CoA + CO 2 Oxidation of pyruvate- (Transition reaction) NAD 3C2C 1C [ 2x ]  Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix  3 step oxidation process  releases 2 CO 2 (count the carbons!)  reduces 2 NAD  2 NADH (moves e - )  produces 2 acetyl CoA  Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle Where does the CO 2 go? Exhale!

8. AP Biology Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO 2 reduction oxidation Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyl CoA C-C-C C-C CO 2 NAD + 2 x [] (Acetyl CoA)

9. AP Biology Krebs cycle  aka Citric Acid Cycle  in mitochondrial matrix  8 step pathway  each catalyzed by specific enzyme  step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecule  Evolved later than glycolysis  does that make evolutionary sense?  bacteria  3.5 billion years ago (glycolysis)  free O 2  2.7 billion years ago (photosynthesis)  eukaryotes  1.5 billion years ago (aerobic respiration = organelles  mitochondria) 1937 | 1953 Hans Krebs 1900-1981

10. AP Biology The Kreb Cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria Is also called the Citric Acid Cycle

11. AP Biology 4C6C4C 2C6C5C4C CO 2 citrate acetyl CoA Count the carbons! 3C pyruvate x2x2 oxidation of sugars This happens twice for each glucose molecule

12. AP Biology 4C6C4C 2C6C5C4C CO 2 citrate acetyl CoA Count the electron carriers! 3C pyruvate reduction of electron carriers This happens twice for each glucose molecule x2x2 CO 2 NADH FADH 2 ATP

13. AP Biology So we fully oxidized glucose C 6 H 12 O 6  CO 2 & ended up with 4 ATP! What’s the point?

14. AP Biology

15.  Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers  NADH  FADH 2  go to Electron Transport Chain! Electron Carriers = Hydrogen Carriers What’s so important about electron carriers? H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ ATP ADP + P i

16. AP Biology Energy accounting of Krebs cycle Net gain=2 ATP =8 NADH + 2 FADH 2 1 ADP1 ATP ATP 2x 4 NAD + 1 FAD4 NADH + 1 FADH 2 pyruvate          CO 2 3C 3x3x 1C (Substrate-level-phosphorylation)

17. AP Biology Value of Krebs cycle?  If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was the Krebs cycle an adaptation?  value of NADH & FADH 2  electron carriers & H carriers  to be used in the Electron Transport Chain like $$ in the bank

18. AP Biology http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_vie w0/chapter25/animation__how_the_kr ebs_cycle_works__quiz_1_.html

19. AP Biology 2006-2007 What’s the point? The point is to make ATP ! ATP

20. AP Biology H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ H+H+ And how do we do that? ATP But… Have we done that yet? ADP P +  ATP synthase  set up a H + gradient  allow H + to flow through ATP synthase  powers bonding of P i to ADP ADP + P i  ATP

21. AP Biology 2006-2007 NO! The final chapter to my story is next! Any Questions?