1. Chapter 5 - Microbial Metabolism Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions in an organism. is the energy-releasing processes. Occurs when molecular bonds (and thus, molecules) are broken down. Generates ATP is the energy-using processes. Occurs when molecular bonds (and thus, molecules) are formed. Uses ATP

2. Enzymes Biochemical catalysts Specific for a chemical reaction protein portion Nonprotein component Coenzyme: Organic cofactor Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme + cofactor

3. Enzymes Figure 5.3

4. pH pH extremes will denature enzymes Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.5b

5. Temperature Very high temperatures will denature enzymes Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.5a

6. Substrate concentration Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.5c

7. Competitive inhibition Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.7a, b

8. Noncompetitive inhibition Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.7a, c

9. Feedback inhibition: A pathway endproduct (or intermediate) binds to an enzyme in the pathway, stopping the pathway Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity Figure 5.8

10. Oxidation-Reduction is the loss of electrons. is the gain of electrons. Redox reaction is an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction.

11. The Generation of ATP ATP is the main energy currency in living cells Energy released from the transfer of electrons of one compound to another is used to generate ATP.

12. Carbohydrate Catabolism The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain

13. The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; produces Preparatory Stage 2 ATPs are used Glucose is split to form two Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphates Glycolysis

14. Preparatory Stage Figure 5.12.1 Preparatory Stage Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-diphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GP) 1 2 3 4 5

15. Energy-Conserving Stage Two Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates oxidized to 2 Pyruvic acids 4 ATP produced 2 NADH produced

16. Energy-Conserving Stage Figure 5.12.2 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid 3-phosphoglyceric acid 2-phosphoglyceric acid Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) 6 7 8 9 10 Pyruvic acid

17. Preparatory Step: Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboyxlated Acetyl CoA is produced Krebs Cycle

18. Preparatory Step Figure 5.13.1

19. Krebs Cycle Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces 6 NADH and 2 FADH 2 2 ATP produced; CO 2 produced

20. Krebs Cycle Figure 5.13.2

21. A series of molecules that pass electrons down the chain. (oxidation – reduction reactions) Energy released can be used to produce ATP by The Electron Transport Chain

22. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis Figure 5.16.2

23. Cellular Respiration The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is O 2. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O 2. Net Yield: 1 Glucose oxidized aerobically = ~38 ATP 1 Glucose oxidized anaerobically = much less ATP

24. Chemiosmosis Figure 5.15

25. Does not require oxygen Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor Alcohol fermentation. Produces ethyl alcohol + CO 2 Lactic acid fermentation. Produces lactic acid. Fermentation

26. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP), and the synthesis of sugar Light-dependent reaction (Light reaction) Produces ATP and NADPH Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) Uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar Photosynthesis

27. Metabolic Diversity Autotrophs: Use CO 2 as main carbon source photoautotrophs: Derive energy from sun chemoautotrophs: Derive energy from inorganic compounds

28. Metabolic Diversity Heterotrophs: Use organic compounds as carbon source Photoheterotrophs: Derive energy from sun; carbon from organic compounds Chemoheterotrophs: Generally, derive energy and carbon from organic compounds

29. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis Figure 5.28

30. Lipid Biosynthesis Figure 5.29