1. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Chapter 1 Data, information, knowledge and processing

2. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Data, information and knowledge  Data is made up of alphanumeric characters  Information = data + structure + context + meaning  Knowledge is the application and use of the information

3. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Representation methods  Text (including writing)  Graphics (including pictures)  Sound (including voice)  Moving pictures (animation or video)  LED (sequence of lights)

4. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Data types  Boolean: true or false  Real: numbers with decimals  Integer: whole numbers  Text/String: alphanumeric characters  Date/Time

5. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Sources of data  Direct and indirect  A direct source is where you have collected the data  An indirect source is where someone else has collected it, either for the same or for a different purpose

6. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Static and dynamic data  Static data cannot be changed (e.g. CD-ROM)  Dynamic data can be updated (e.g. web pages)

7. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Quality of information  Accuracy  Relevance  Age  Completeness  Presentation  Level of detail

8. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Encoding data Validation  Ensures data entered is reasonable, complete, sensible and within acceptable boundaries  This is achieved by:  range checks  type checks  presence checks  length checks  picture checks

9. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Encoding data Verification  Ensures the source and object data are the same  This is achieved by:  proofreading  computer verification

10. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Back-up and archive  Back-up is making a copy of the data  Archive is removing the data from direct access

11. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Cost of information  Hardware: specialist equipment, such as scanner, camera, graphics tablet, etc.  Software: desktop publishing or graphics software, etc.  Personnel: new employees and the training of individuals  Consumables: electricity, ink and paper

12. OCR ICT for AS © Hodder Education 2008 Input–process–output feedback loop  Input: external data placed into the system  Process: manipulating the data  Storage: holding the data for later use  Output: data being passed outside of the system  Feedback: output influencing the input