1. Opportunities for participation Concepts of physical activity Chapter 11

2. Concepts and definitions Play Leisure Recreation Physical Education Sport Outdoor and adventurous activities

3. Play Main reason for participation is No - negotiated at each occurrence rewards nature of commitment fun set rules Spontaneous Intrinsic Non-serious

4. Play immediate pleasure; no ulterior motive Spontaneous Enjoyment Negotiation Rules Non- serious Intrinsic value Space Time

5. Play and recreation Play is for When adults ‘play’ it’s called Hence shared characteristics: Both children recreation intrinsic voluntary

6. Recreation The of leisure To - refresh mind Change to for its own sake No or relevance No relative importance to what ‘recreate’ active leisure Participation intellectual commercial society

7. Similarities between play and leisure Both: Intrinsic For fun Informal structure Produce sense of well-being Both develop skills Casual attitude

8. Differences between recreation and leisure Recreation: Escape from stress Opportunity for socialising Health benefits More organised Concept of ‘active leisure’

9. Leisure Time free Hence from work and other obligations choice depends on economics self-satisfying socialising

10. Characteristics of Leisure Work has over leisure Leisure has Leisure is Protestant work ethic – clouds issue/limits definition priority no value in itself non-serious ‘work is Godly; leisure is lazy’ unemployment

11. Question Many people take part in physical recreation as a form of leisure activity. (i)Define the term leisure.(2 marks) (ii)What do you understand by the term physical recreation? Comment on its benefit to individuals(4 marks)

12. Answer (i)Time away from obligations/necessities such as work/education; Activities can be freely/voluntarily entered into/choice; For relaxation/enjoyment/fun.2 marks (ii)Physical Recreation – active/exercise/physically strenuous activity; During leisure time; Provides opportunities for self-fulfilment/fun/enjoyment/ intrinsic reward/improve skill; Helps maintain physical health/fitness; Helps develop interpersonal/social skills; Escape from reality/pressures/stress/mental health. 4 marks

13. Class-based leisure has a right to leisure has a right to leisure after they have earned it Influenced by traditional beliefs,,, and Leisured class Working class exclusivity availabilitydisposable incometime

14. Leisure as a socialising process Leisure is a - should take place in may develop Provides opportunities Attractive to and hence Can promote social process Freely chosen pleasant atmosphere Friendships creative media sponsorship culture

15. More Leisure T. I. M. E. as limiting factors to leisure Less Lack of time income mobility education

16. Growth and change in leisure time High unemployment Reduction in working hours Advances in technology Increased life expectancy Increased mobility Increased disposable income Greater public provision of facilities

17. Similarities of play, recreation and leisure Discovery/ experimenting No obligation Creativity/self- expression No pressure Variety of activities Freedom of choice Self-satisfaction obtained

18. Question Modern-day lifestyles appear to be increasingly stressful and more inactive. (i)Explain the term active leisure. (2 marks) (ii)Why is active leisure considered important for individuals and society? (4 marks)

19. Answer (i)Time free from work/domestic chores/sleeping/surplus Choice - Voluntary/free will/no moral obligation Active – physical, energetic.2 marks (ii)Society attitudes changed/rights to leisure/limited Working hours reduced / more leisure; Increased status of leisure/reduced status of church/work; Labour saving gadgets; Increase in life expectancy; More accessible facilities/personal mobility/improved transport; Early retirement; Unemployment (enforced leisure); Job share/work from home/flexible work patterns4 marks

20. Outdoor and adventurous activities

21. Includes recreations in the environment – not outdoor games! Add element of to get adventurous activities Used as a classroom activity – Outdoor and adventurous activities risk natural outdoor education

22. Values of outdoor activities Values Trust in others Team work Self- reliance Leadership skills Decision- making

23. characteristics dangerous exciting challenging No officials competitive But codes for safety Against self/elements

24. Benefits Sense of freedom – Handling risk - Appreciation of Self-reliance - escape from urban environment sense of danger Leadership Decision-making natural environment trust in others

25. Risk Objective danger – Subjective danger – Real risk – Perceived risk – outside our control within our control avoidable environmental risk potential risk – sense of danger

26. Educational and recreational values Educational Recreational Free time/choice Enhance quality of life/escape stress Active leisure Health Intrinsic Sense of fulfilment Appreciation of environment Conservation Skill development Testing oneself Teamwork/ leadership

27. Difficulties with outdoor education in schools Limited Lack of Lack of time specialised teachers Funding access Safety issues

28. Outdoor activities in a city? Canoeing, sailing, windsurfing – Indoor Orienteering lake, canal or pool climbing walls in park Dry ski slopes

29. Increases in outdoor participation Because: Escape to the countryside/appreciation of environment Widely accessible facilities/cheap Socialising/mixed sex groups Ease of access Individual/non competitive Challenging/adrenalin rush/risk/danger

30. Requirements for outdoor and adventurous activities to be sports Rules Scoring system Judges and officials Governing body Extrinsic

31. Question Dry ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity. (i) Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment. (3 marks) (ii) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between 'real' and 'perceived' risk? (3 marks)

32. Answers (i) Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering - climbing wall Orienteering - park/school grounds Canoeing/rafting - swimming pool/lake/canals/reservoir Windsurfing/sailing - reservoir/gravel pits Mountain biking - country parks/parks/indoor tracks (ii) Real risk - from natural environment/increases with skill level; should be avoided at all costs; risk of life/injury; can be planned for/plan a route to avoid; Perceived risk - sense of danger/think there’s a risk; provides excitement, but controlled; encouraged by leaders/learning experience; importance of developing risk assessments;

33. Definition of sport Competitive - Organised occasions – Officials - Administration - Commercial aspects - rules and regulations leagues and championships referees and umpires clubs and NGBs sponsorship, advertising, media coverage, funding, professionalism

34. Coakley (1993) institutionalisedcompetitive physical exertion complex physical skills motivatedintrinsic extrinsic ‘….an institutionalised, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.’

35. Meanings Institutionalised – Competitive – Physical exertion – Complex physical skills - Motivation – Intrinsic – Extrinsic – structure winners and losers hard work movement drive to do self-satisfaction external rewards

36. Categories of Sport (NCPE) Dance activities Games activities Gymnastic activities Swimming activities and water safety Athletic activities Outdoor and adventurous activities

37. Sub-categories of games Invasion Striking and fielding Combat Target Net/wall Athletic

38. Characteristics of sport Serious/ commitment Sportsmanship/ fair play /team spirit Time/ space constraints Highly organised Competitive Excellence/ ability Physical endeavour

39. Objectives of sport Highlights issues Emotional release Express individuality Aid socialisation Allow success Health and fitness

40. Values of sport PositiveNegative Competitive Sportsmanship Amateurism Assertive Gamesmanship Win at all costs Cheating Aggression

41. Problems with sport Over-emphasis on winning More like entertainment Crowd violence Drugs Poor role models Passive involvement

42. Comparison RecreationProfessional sport Immediate pleasure intrinsic rewards length of participation own choice spontaneity spare time involvement levels of fitness personal no pressure to cheat no pressure to succeed involves pain/rivalry extrinsic rewards time constraints - training spontaneity reduced through rules occupation - serious sponsorship high levels of skill and fitness temptation to cheat pressure from others to win

43. Question Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of play, physical recreation and sport. Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’. (i)Using an example, explain this definition. (2 marks) (ii)State two ways in which sport differs from play.(2 marks)

44. Answer (i) Play is fun/enjoyment/non serious; Intrinsic value/no tangible rewards; (ii) Sport has Extrinsic rewards; Competitive; Commitment/effort; Emotional highs and lows; Highly structured/time constraints/boundaries/equipment; Rules/officials/tactics; Degree of obligation;

45. The difference with P.E. P.E. is: - involving learning - Has authority figures – Compulsory Educationalskills different to recreation and play but similar to sport

46. Characteristics of P.E. Formal body of Learning through the Learning Develops skills Appreciation and evaluation of knowledge physical Skill development rules and ethics personal and social movement Health-related fitness Lifelong learning

47. Aims of P.E. Skill development - Fitness development - Knowledge of rules etc – Values such as sportsmanship - motor physical cognitive cultural

48. Physical Skill development Increase fitness staminastrengthflexibility

49. Intellectual Experience wide range of activities Encourage sportsmanship /fair play Encourage competition Promote self-esteem Teach health benefits of exercise

50. Social Team work Social interaction friendship leadership Accepting defeat

51. Not only PE in schools PE Sport Recreation Some overlap exists

52. Question Many people think that physical education is just another name for sport that is played in schools. What are the values and characteristics of sport that differentiate it from physical education?(3 marks)

53. Answer sport is competitive/sport primarily seeks winners and losers/extrinsic rewards; sport does not have an overt educational objective/is elitist; sport does not have an overt developmental objective; sport is serious/commitment/voluntary. (Max 2 for PE) PE seeks to develop motor/psycho-motor skills; PE seeks to develop learning/understanding/morals/ethics/ fairplay; PE health/stress/social/participation; PE is compulsory.

54. P.E. and sport in school P.E.Sport Compulsory Physical development Creativity /social awareness Confidence and self- esteem Aesthetic appreciation Mixed ability Values of teamwork/ sportsmanship Voluntary Performance development Extension of interest/ specialism Extra-curricular Competitive Commitment/ dedication

55. School sport Depends on Lack of Safety considerations - teacher goodwill funding Competing interests risk assessments

56. Club and school sport SimilaritiesDifferences Same activities Skills developed Formalised PE teacher may coach Aim to win Teacher v coach Conflicts in expectations Different ethics in school and club sport

57. Progression from P.E. to sport Club involvement Competitions Coaching / Talent development Affiliation to NGBs Award schemes/training courses Access to District level PE lessons in school Links with local clubs

58. District level Competition Tournaments Championships Access to Regional level Regional level Competition Training Assistance from Sports Aid Foundation Access to National Training squad

59. National Training squad Coaching National Sports Centres National competition Access to International level International level Representing Country via NGBs

60. The Physical Activity continuum PlayLeisure Physical Recreation Outdoor activities P.E.Sport Moving from left to right: Increased organisation

61. The Physical Activity continuum PlayLeisure Physical Recreation Outdoor activities P.E.Sport Moving from left to right: Increased competition