1. Africa By: Brendan Raible, Caroline Dabrowski, Hailey Lemasters, Max Shvarts

2. Hunter Gatherers Tribes Nomadic society Original human behavior wood/stone civilization Extended family units Cross tribal marriage Oral culture No government valued family Sub-Saharan region

3. Hunter Gatherers No writing limited remaining culture Diet small animals berries nuts Dangers large animals starvation dehydration disease Continue today modern day slightly more advanced culture

4. Stateless Societies No centralized authority Some groups in Central Africa Organized lineages Loyalty within families - kinship Balanced power Council of Elders Male heads became chiefs Districts Age-set system Ceremonies for life stages

5. Stateless Societies The Bantu Origin of many stateless societies Nigeria and Cameroon Includes almost 500 ethnic groups Farmers settled along rivers Migrated East and South 90 million people today Igbo Southern Nigeria Used age-set systems to teach discipline, community, service, and leadership skills

6. Family Lineage Patrilineal ancestral lineage traced through father’s side of the family. Matrilineal ancestral lineage traced through mother’s side of family

7. Trading Kingdoms Consists of 3 main kingdoms Ghana Mali Songhai All three kingdoms maintained vast trading networks across the Sahara desert and into the Middle East and North Africa Main export - Gold and Salt Made the kingdoms very strong and wealthy All developed in West Africa Commerce Trade routes were established that were in use for centuries. Besides gold, these kingdoms transported agricultural products to the Mediterranean and then on to Europe. A negative effect of this interaction was the start of the slave trade

8. Trading Kingdoms Islamic Influences Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were all influenced by Islam to different degrees In Mali, the emperor Mansa Musa was famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca Culture and Education African art is often religious in nature Statues and masks were carved from ivory, wood, and bronze Oral and literary traditions used Arabic Histories and folktales During the 1400s, Timbuktu became a center of learning under the leadership of Mansa Musa.

9. City-States city and lands functioning as one political unit developed in part of West Africa traditions traditional African beliefs influences from Ghana, Mali, and Songhai depended on crops/trade salt grain cotton cloth

10. City-States ● Hausa city-states ○ emerged from Mali and Songhai (northern Nigeria) ○ Zazzau ■ ruled by Queen Amina ■ raided a city/sold captives ■ slaves- build/repair city and grow crops ○ Kano and Katsina ■ major trading states ● leather, ivory, gold ■ located on trade route (West African states & Mediterranean) ○ not able to become empire- constant fighting ● protection-army of mounted horseman

11. City-States Hausa army of horsemen

12. Sources http://www.timemaps.com/civilization/African-kingdoms#ghanover https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=0 http://www.wired.com/2014/04/hadza-hunter-gatherer-gut-microbiome/ http://regentsprep.org/regents/global/themes/goldenages/africa.cfm http://quatr.us/africa/history/bantu.htm http://study.com/academy/lesson/ancient-west-africa-bantu-migrations-the-stateless- society.html http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/resources/clarifications/BantuExpansion.html http://www.blackpast.org/gah/hausa-city-states http://www.livescience.com/23378-african-hunter-gatherers-human-origins.html