1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Children Working in Factories

3. Essential Questions: 1. What were the major effects of the Industrial Revolution on European and American countries. 2. What are some of the distinct differences between socialism and capitalism? 3. How did union leaders and reformers influence the Industrial Revolution?

4. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain, but soon spread to the U.S. and continental Europe. ■ America had the necessary resources industrialization such as: fast-flowing rivers, rich coal and iron ore deposits, and laborers. ■ During the War of 1812, Britain blockaded the U.S., causing them to industrialize.

5. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ During the Industrial Revolution, Britain forbade engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country. – Why? ■ Samuel Slater, a young mill worker emigrated to the U.S. and built a spinning machine from memory. ■ Moses Brown opened a factory in Rhode Island with Slater’s machines which mass-produced thread.

6. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ With the help of investors such as Francis Cabot Lowell, the textile industry was revolutionized by mechanizing every stage of cloth manufacturing. ■ Factories began popping up all over the Northeastern United States.

7. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ Thousands of young, single women in search of higher wages and independence flocked from rural homes to factory towns. ■ These women worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week and earned decent wages. ■ To ensure proper behavior inside and outside of the factory, they were watched closely by their employers.

8. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ Although the Northeast experienced industrial growth in the early 1800s, most of the U.S. remained primarily agricultural until after the Civil War ended in 1865. ■ After the Civil War, the U.S. experienced a technological boom due to natural resources, new inventions, urban populations and railroads.

9. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ Big cities expanded rapidly due to their location along expanding railway lines – leading to more industrialization and jobs. ■ By the end of the 1800s, many small railroad companies consolidated into a few powerful ones that dominated close to 75% of all railroads. – Good or Bad??

10. Industrial Development in the U.S. ■ In order to finance railroads, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock, or certain rights of ownership in a corporation. ■ Big businesses such as John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie’s Carnegie Steel Company controlled every aspect of their industry and reduced production costs which made large profits. ■ Workers earned low wages and labored long hours; stockholders earned high profits and corporate leaders made fortunes

11. Continental Europe Industrializes ■ European businesses yearned to adopt the “British miracle” of mass- producing goods, but were slowed by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars between 1789 and 1815. ■ These events halted trade, interrupted communication and caused inflation all over the continent.

12. Continental Europe Industrializes ■ Belgium’s waterways and rich deposits of coal and iron ore made them the first to imitate Britain’s new technology. ■ William and John Cockerill illegally traveled to Belgium and built spinning machines as well as factories that produced steam engines and locomotives.

13. Continental Europe Industrializes ■ Germany was politically divided in the early 1800s, slowing the process of industrialization. ■ Around 1835, Germany began to copy the British model and imported many British citizens and their equipment. ■ Germany also built railroads that linked the country – allowing them to become an economic and industrial giant by the late 1800s.

14. Continental Europe Industrializes ■ In most of Europe, industrialization proceeded by region rather than by country. ■ Social structures as well as geographical features kept many European countries from participating in the industrialization process. – Good or Bad??

15. The Impact of Industrialization ■ Overall, the Industrial Revolution increased competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed nations. ■ Even though it strengthened their economic ties, Industrialization widened the wealth gap between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries. ■ Industrialized countries received raw materials from nonindustrialized ones and nonidustrialized countries received finished goods from the industrialized ones.

16. The Impact of Industrialization ■ From 1700-1900, revolutions in agriculture, production, transportation, and communication changed the lives of people in Western Europe and the U.S. ■ Imperialism, the policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands, became very popular and gave more power and wealth to industrialized nations.

17. The Impact of Industrialization ■ Industrialization revolutionized every aspect of society from daily life to life expectancy. ■ Despite hardships, population, health, and wealth eventually rose dramatically in all industrialized countries. ■ The development of a middle class created great opportunities for education and democratic participation.

18. Reforming the Industrial World

19. Industrial Philosophies ■ During the Industrial Revolution, business leaders believed in laissez-faire economics – a policy of allowing owners of industry and business to set working conditions without government interference. ■ Reformers believed the government should actively work to improve the conditions of the poor.

20. Industrial Philosophies ■ Scottish professor, Adam Smith defended free markets in his book, The Wealth of Nations. ■ Smith argued that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. ■ In his book, Smith outlined the three natural laws of economics.

21. Industrial Philosophies ■ The Law of Self-Interest: people work for their own benefit. ■ The Law of Competition: competition forces people to make better products and prices ■ The Law of Supply and Demand: enough goods will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy

22. Industrial Philosophies ■ Adam Smith’s ideas influenced Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo to form capitalism – an economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. ■ Capitalists opposed government intervention, minimum wage laws and better working conditions.

23. The Rise of Socialism ■ Jeremy Bentham introduced utilitarianism: the idea that government actions are only useful if they promote the greatest good for the greatest amount of people. ■ Utilitarians believed ideas, institutions and actions should be judged on their usefulnesss. ■ John Stuart Mill led the Utilitarian movement and wanted to help ordinary people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits.

24. The Rise of Socialism ■ British factory owner, Robert Owen improved working conditions for his employees and created a cooperative community called New Harmony, Indiana. ■ New Harmony was intended to be a utopia, but only lasted three years.

25. The Rise of Socialism ■ Some French reformers believed in socialism, an economic policy in which factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all. ■ Socialists believed that government control of factories, mines and railroads would end poverty and promote equality.

26. Marxism: Radical Socialism ■ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, introducing the world to Marxism, a radical type of socialism. ■ Marx and Engels argued that human societies constantly warred between the “haves” and “have nots” and believed that workers would eventually overthrow the owners of factories.

27. Marxism: Radical Socialism ■ Marx believed that the capitalism system would eventually destroy itself and the government would wither away. ■ Marx referred to the capitalist takeover as communism: an economic system in which all means of production are owned by the people, private property doesn’t exist and all goods and services are shared equally. ■ The Communist Manifesto produced very few results until the 1900s with revolutionaries such as Russia’s Lenin and Cuba’s Fidel Castro.

28. Labor Unions and Reform Laws ■ In order to press for reforms in the workplace, workers joined voluntary labor associations, called unions. ■ Unions bargained for better working conditions and higher pay and threatened to strike if they didn’t receive it. ■ Britain tried to outlaw unions with the Combination Acts, but tolerated them by 1825.

29. Labor Unions and Reform Laws ■ The success of reformers and unions caused political leaders to reform industrial conditions. ■ The British Parliament investigated child labor and working conditions. They eventually passes laws based on their findings. – Factory Act of 1833: made it illegal to hire children under nine years old and limited the working hours of other children – The 1842 Mines Act: prevented women and children from working underground – Ten Hours Work Act of 1847: limited the workday to ten hours for women and children in factories.

30. Labor Unions and Reform Laws ■ In the U.S., progressive reformers organized the National Child Labor Committee to end child labor. ■ The NCLC argued that child labor lowered wages for all workers. ■ Although there was no federal child labor law, individual states were allowed to limit the working hours of women, and eventually, men.

31. The Reform Movement Spreads ■ William Wilberforce a religious abolitionist fought to end the slave trade and slavery in Great Britain. Slavery was abolished in 1833 ■ While some people believed slavery was morally wrong, others saw it as a economic threat to cheap labor. ■ In the U.S., slavery officially ended with the Union won the Civil War in 1865.

32. The Reform Movement Spreads ■ The Industrial Revolution was a mixed blessing for women. ■ Good: factory work offered more money than home work ■ Bad: they only made 1/3 the salary of most men ■ Women felt their rights were gender-biased and led reform movements for equal pay and pressing social issues.

33. The Reform Movement Spreads ■ Many college-educated women, like Jane Addams ran settlement houses: community centers that served the poor residents of slum neighborhoods. ■ Women activists around the world joined the U.S. and founded the International Council for Women in 1888 to continue the fight for women’s rights.

34. The Reform Movement Spreads ■ In addition to African and women’s rights, reformers wanted to correct the problems with public education and prisons. ■ U.S. reformer, Horace Mann fought for free public education for all children. ■ Many people fought for prison reform by emphasizing the goal of providing prisoners with the means to lead useful lives upon their release.