1. Practical Phonetics Consonants: place and manner of articulation Where and how sounds are made

2. Say ‘mmmm’ – where is the ‘m’ sound produced? It’s a bilabial consonant (this is the place of articulation) Pinch your nose – what happens? It stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral) consonant Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear? The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced consonant Thinking about sounds

3. Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants p pie b buy m mute w wood lips

4. Labiodental consonants f fine v vine upper teeth lower lip

5. Dental consonants θ thin ð this upper teeth tip of tongue

6. Alveolar consonants t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light alveolar ridge tip/blade of tongue

7. Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants ʃ shoe, pressure Ʒ pleasure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r rack

8. Palatal consonants j yes

9. Velar consonants velum back of tongue k curl g girl ŋ rang

10. Some manners of articulation: plosives (think explosion) or stops Bilabial: p bAlveolar: t dVelar: k g

11. Fricatives (think friction) Labiodental: f vAlveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ

12. Oral Nasal (Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

13. Nasals Bilabial: mVelar: ŋ Alveolar: n

14. Other consonants Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative): ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate Approximant (articulators approach each other but do not touch): w r j Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air flows over sides of tongue): l

15. Summary of Places of Articulation Bilabial (lips) p b m w Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) t d s z n l Plato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) /ʃ / shoe /ʒ/ measure/ ʧ /cheap /ʤ /jeep r Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running Glottal (glottis) h

16. Summary of manners of articulation Plosive / Stop p b t d k g Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ Nasal m n ŋ Approximants (semi-vowels) w r j (central) l (lateral)

17. Classifying consonants Voiced or voiceless Place of articulation (Central or lateral) (Oral or nasal) Manner of articulation Example 1 : s (sing): -A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative -A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ? /t/ What is /k/? - A voiceless, velar plosive/stop

18. SupervisorDr. Ehsan