1. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease Revised First Edition Chapter 2 The Human Body: Reading the Map

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Multimedia Directory Slide 16Fowler's Positioning Video Slide 17Lateral Positioning Video Slide 18Prone Positioning Video Slide 19Lithotomy Positioning Video Slide 20Sims Positioning Video Slide 21Supine Positioning Video Slide 22Dorsal Positioning Video Slide 47Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Slide 48Body Area Terminology Exercise Slide 73Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video Slide 75Ultrasound Video Slide 76Radiologic Technology Video

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Multimedia Directory (cont’d) Slide 77Surgical Team Video

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. LeeIntroduction This chapter provides you with the major external map of the human body Future chapters get into more depth for each particular area and begin to provide a detailed map of interior regions

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Introduction (cont’d) Medical directional terms and body locations will serve as a foundation upon which to build By the time you finish your journey through this book you will know your own body like “the back of your hand”

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Learning Objectives List and describe the various body positions Define the body planes and associated directional terms Locate and describe the body cavities and their respective organs List and describe the anatomical divisions of the abdominal region Identify and locate the various body regions Relate the various diagnostic tests to view the body Describe situations in which body position can help or hinder the disease process

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Importance of Mapping Does the statement “I have pain in my stomach” tell you a lot about exact location? Location of pain can be determining factor in diagnosis Questions about type of pain, exact location, and intensity of pain can help determine etiology

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body Positions The body can assume many positions and therefore can have different orientations To standardize orientation for the study of anatomy, scientists developed the anatomical position In the anatomical position, the person is standing erect, face forward, with feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms facing forward

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-1 The anatomical position.

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Other Important Body Positions Supine position: laying face upward, on your back Prone position: laying face downward, on your stomach Fowler’s position: sitting in bed with head of bed elevated 45–60 degrees –This position often used in hospitals –Facilitates breathing and comfort of bedridden patient

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-2 Common patient positions.

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pathology Connection Body positions relevant to certain clinical scenarios Patients with secretions at the base of the lungs may benefit from Trendelenburg position (which helps drain secretions) Patients with cerebral injury or bleeding should avoid Trendelenburg position (because it increases blood flow to brain, increasing intracranial pressure)

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pathology Connection (cont’d) Patients to be placed in Trendelenburg position are at increased risk for aspirating vomitus, and should not eat within 2-4 hours of being placed in position Patients with orthopnea have difficult time breathing if they lie flat; propping them up with pillows assists diaphragm in working against gravity

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pathology Connection (cont’d) Changing from upright to supine position can help determine cause of distended neck veins (jugular venous distention) –If patient has distend neck veins due to heart failure, lying down will decrease distention (heart has to work less hard against gravity, causing less “back up” of venous blood)

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pathology Connection (cont’d) Dizziness when changing from seated to standing position can indicate orthostatic hypotension –Symptoms develop because heart cannot compensate for extra work against gravity standing requires; result is deficient blood flow to brain

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body Planes and Directional Terms Sometimes it is necessary to divide body, or even organ or tissue sample, into specific sections to further examine it A plane is an imaginary line drawn through body or organ to separate into specific sections Transverse or horizontal plane: divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections, also referred to as cross-sectioning the body

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Directional Terms Used to describe areas divided by transverse plane Superior (cranial or cephalic) means toward head or upper body Inferior (caudal) means away from head or toward lower part of body –Any body part can be either superior or inferior, depending upon point of reference –Example: knee is superior to ankle and inferior to pelvis

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-3 Transverse plane and a cross-sectional view of the upper abdominal region.

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Median or Midsagittal Plane Divides body into right and left halves –Medial refers to body parts located near middle or midline of body –Lateral refers to body parts located away from midline

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-4 Midsagittal or median plane along with a sagittal view of the head.

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Frontal or Coronal Plane Divides body into front and back sections Anterior or ventral refers to body parts towards or on front of body Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts towards or on back of body

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-5 Frontal or coronal plane along with a coronal view of the chest and stomach.

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Proximal and Distal Proximal refers to body parts close to point of reference of body Distal refers to body parts away from point of reference –Using your fingers as reference point, your wrist would be proximal and your shoulder would be distal

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-6 Body location terms.

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee External and Internal External means on the outside –Skin is located externally and is body’s largest organ Internal means on the inside –Most organs located internally

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Additional Directional Terms Superficial means toward or at body surface Deep means away from body surface Central refers to locations around center of body Peripheral refers to extremities or outer region

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 2-1 Directional Terms

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body Cavities Body has two large open spaces called cavities that house and protect organs Dorsal (posterior) cavity located on back of body

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Body Cavities (cont’d) Larger ventral (anterior) cavity located on front of body is divided into two smaller cavities –Thoracic cavity –Abdominopelvic cavity: further divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities These two smaller cavities are divided by diaphragm

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Thoracic Cavity Contains –Heart –Lungs –Large blood vessels

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Abdominal Cavity Contains digestive organs –Stomach –Intestines –Liver –Gallbladder –Pancreas –Spleen

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Pelvic Cavity Lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains –Urinary organs –Reproductive organs –Large part of large intestine

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Dorsal Cavity Located in back of body and consists of two cavities –Cranial cavity houses brain –Spinal cavity contains spinal column

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-8 Main body cavities.

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Smaller Cavities There are many smaller cavities that designate specific areas –Nasal cavity: space behind nose –Buccal cavity: space within mouth –Orbital cavity: houses eyes

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view an interactive exercise on body cavity terminology.here Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Back to Directory

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Click here to view an interactive exercise on body area terminology.here Body Area Terminology Exercise Back to Directory

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Abdominal Regions Houses a number of organs; is divided into nine quadrants Epigastric region (epi = above, gastric = stomach) located superior to umbilical region with right and left hypochondriac regions located on either side

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Abdominal Regions (cont’d) Umbilical region located in center, with right and left lumbar regions located laterally Hypogastric region lies inferior to umbilical area, with right and left iliac or inguinal area flanking it

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-9 The nine divisions of the abdominal region.

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-10 Illustrations of inguinal and umbilical hernias.

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Abdominal Quadrants Simpler way to compartmentalize abdominal region is to separate into anatomical quadrants Helpful in describing location of abdominal pain

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-12 The clinical division of the abdominal region into quadrants with related organs and structures.

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Abdominal Quadrants (cont’d) Knowing organs located in quadrant where pain is arising can give a clue as to what type of problem the patient has –Right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain: appendicitis –Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain: liver or gallbladder problems

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-11 The spinal column.

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Additional Body Regions Help to further aid in locating areas or structures Examples include: –Axillary region –Brachial region –Femoral region –Pubic region –Patellar region

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-13 Anterior and posterior body regions.

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 2-2 Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Table 2-2 (continued) Examples of Body Regions and Their Locations

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) Produced by passing X-ray radiation through specific area of body onto photographic film –Exposure to X-rays causes photographic film to darken –Radiolucent areas of body allow X-rays to pass through to film easily; produce dark areas on film –Radiopaque areas of body allow fewer X-rays to pass through to film; produce light areas on the film

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) (cont’d) Each component of body has characteristic density (and characteristic appearance on X-ray) –Air: least dense; shows up black on X-ray –Tissue/Fat: density depends on thickness of tissue; thicker the tissue, lighter the appearance on X-ray

52. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram) (cont’d) Each component of body has characteristic density (and characteristic appearance on X-ray) –Water (blood and edema): mid-range density; appearance on X-ray is lighter than air, but not as white as bone/metal –Bone/Metal: highest density; appears white on X-ray

53. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Standard X-Ray Positions Posteroanterior (PA) –X-ray beam passes from patient’s back to patient’s front and then onto film –Standard view for chest X-ray Anteroposterior (AP) –X-ray beam passes from patient’s front to patient’s back and then onto film –Often used in portable chest X-rays

54. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Standard X-Ray Positions (cont’d) Lateral –X-ray beam passes from one side of patient to other, and then onto film –Often used as compliment to PA views, to get better 3-D perspective

55. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) Produces series of cross-sectional “slices” through body Generates high-resolution images with more information about 3-D orientation of structures Exposes body to much higher levels of radiation than traditional X-ray

56. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Uses magnetic energy to image body Produces cross-sectional images Images have much better clarity than CT

57. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (cont’d) Cannot be used by all patients –Patients with certain metallic components in body (like metallic aneurysm clips or heart valves) cannot be exposed to magnetic field of MRI; would make metal components shift in body –Patients who are claustrophobic may not be able to tolerate entering small tunnel of traditional (closed) MRI; open MRIs are alternative for these patients

58. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-14 a Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. a) MRI head showing large hemorrhagic lesion. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch).

59. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-14 b Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. b) 3D CT scan, multiple facial fractures. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch).

60. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-14 c Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. c) X-ray showing typical joint changes associated with osteoarthritis. (Source: Getty Images/Stone Allstock).

61. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Figure 2-14 d Contrasts of X-ray, CT, MRI and ultrasound. d) Ultrasound, left kidney, and spleen. (Courtesy of Teresa Resch).

62. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Ultrasound (Sonography) Uses sound waves to image body Allow body actions to be imaged in real time Uses include: –Observing fetal development and movement –Observing actions of heart valves

63. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey Body can assume many different positions; to standardize, we use anatomical position facing forward with arms at side and palms facing forward Other positions include prone, supine, Trendelenburg, and Fowler’s position Body can be divided into planes, including transverse and median plane Directional terms help navigate around body

64. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) Directions like right and left referenced from patient’s perspective Body has several cavities that house anatomical structures, mainly organs There are many different regions of body

65. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d) Directional terms, anatomical landmarks, body regions, and body cavities are all important to know so health care professionals can communicate in specific terms that leave no room for confusion Detailed images of internal structures of body can be obtained from radiologic studies such as X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasound

66. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study A 50-year-old female patient presents with sternal pain radiating to the left brachial area. Peripheral cyanosis is noted in the digital areas, and she exhibits pedal edema. No epigastric pain is noted

67. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study (cont’d) She reports that she became dizzy and fell, bruising the right orbital region, and she received superficial cuts to the right patellar region. The physician orders an IV to be started in the left antecubital space. Please answer the following questions in common lay terms

68. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease, Revised First Edition Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff E. Ankney, and Karen T. Lee Case Study Questions Where would you suggest placing a bandage? Where did her pain begin? Where does the pain move to? Does she have stomach pain? Where will the IV be started? What part of her body is swollen?