1. Reforms and Revolutions: Europe 1830-1850

2. Essential Questions Why no Revolution in Britain? How did the political revolution, derailed in France and resisted by European monarchs, eventually break out again after 1815? Why did the revolutionary surge triumph briefly in 1848 and then fail almost completely?

3. Revolution of 1830 in France A. Louis XVIII’s Constitutional Charter of 1814, although undemocratic, protected the people against a return to royal absolutism and aristocratic privilege. Louis dies in 1824. B. Charles X tries to rally French nationalism and popular support through a war with Algeria. C. Charles X tried to re-establish the old order and repudiated the Constitutional Charter of 1830 in an attempted coup in July 1830. D. New king, Louis Philippe, accepted the Constitutional Charter of 1814 but did little more than protect the rich upper middle class. Voters: 100,000 to 500,000 Louis XVIII Charles X Louis Philippe

4. What sparked revolution? A) Conservatism B) Liberalism C) Socialism D) Nationalism

5. Liberal Reforms in Great Britain A. Growing middle class pressure led to Reform Bill of 1832. Increased number of voters. 1. House of Commons emerged as the major legislative body 2. Industrial areas of GB gained representation 3. “Rotten Boroughs” eliminated 4. Doubled voters… 470,000 – 814,000 1 in 5 Cartoon of “Rotten Boroughs”

6. Other Reform Laws 1. Poor Law of 1834-- force the poor to work by inflicting them with miserable conditions. Supported by ideas of economic liberalism.

7. 1830 Revolution in Belgium A. Inspired by French Catholic Belgians rioted against their unity with the Protestant Dutch in the Netherlands. Turned into a demand for independence. B. By the end of the year, the great powers recognized Belgian neutrality/independence.

8. 1830 Rev. in Italy and Poland A. Many Italians resented Austrian dominance. B. Italian nationalists formed the Carbonari (charcoal burners), C. Crushed by Metternich with Austrian troops D. Guiseppe Mazzini and his Young Italy movement carried on the torch of Italian nationalism. E. Same story line happened in Poland. Russian army crushes Poland after Polish refusal to fight against France and Belgium How come?

9. Revolution of 1848 in France A. Fear of socialism led to a clash of class 1. Workers invaded the Constituent Assembly and tried to proclaim a new revolutionary government. 2. The Assembly dissolved the workshops in Paris B. Closing of the workshops led to a violent uprising (June Days) C. Class war led to the election of a strongman, Louis Napoleon, as president in 1848.

10. Democratic Republic of France A. Refusal of King Louis Philippe and Guizot (chief minister) to bring about electoral sparked a revolt in Paris in 1848. B. Revolt led to a provisional republic, universal male suffrage, and more. C. Revolutionary coalition couldn’t agree on a common program. Moderate liberal republicans split with the radical socialist republicans 1. Artisans hated cutthroat capitalism and wanted stronger craft unions D. National workshops were a compromise between the socialist demands for guaranteed work and the moderates’ determination to provide temporary relief for the massive unemployment

11. Revolution of 1848 in Austria A. Revolution in France resulted in popular upheaval throughout central Europe, but in the end conservative reaction won B. Hungarian nationalism resulted in revolution against the Austrian overlords 1. Under Kossuth, the Hungarians demanded national autonomy, civil liberties, and universal suffrage 2. Emperor Ferdinand I promised reforms and a liberal constitution 3. Serfdom was abolished

12. Restoring order in Austria 1848 A. Conflict among nationalities (Hungarians vs Croats, Serbs and Romanians; Czechs vs. Germans) encouraged by the monarchy, weakened the revolution. B. Alliance of the working and middle classes soon collapsed. C. Conservative aristocrats crushed the revolution after rallying around a point made by the archduchess Sophia. 1. She insisted that Ferdinand had no heir and that her son should be on the throne. D. Francis Joseph was crowned emperor in 1848 E. Russian army helped defeat the Hungarians Francis Joseph was crowned emperor after his 18 th birthday

13. Revolution of 1848 in Prussia A. Middle class Prussians want to create a unified liberal Germany B. Working class people of Prussia demanded and got a liberal constitution from Fredrick William IV. C. Further workers demands for suffrage and socialist reforms caused fear among the aristocracy. D. Frankfurt National Assembly of 1848 was middle-class liberal body that began writing a constitution for a unified Germany E. War with Denmark over Schleswig- Holstein ended with a rejection of the Frankfurt Assembly by newly elected Frederick William and failure of German liberalism.