1. The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 Week 4, Lecture 1

2. Popular Expressions of Faith Pilgrimage to Jerusalem –A “created” Holy Land

3. “The Way of St. James” Santiago de Compostela (St. James of the Field of Stars) –Relics of James the Just, brother of Jesus Romanesque cathedral, 1077-1124/28 Four main “trails”

5. Scallop Shell Many lines (paths) converging on one point

6. The Cult of St. Thomas of Canterbury Thomas Becket (b. c. 1118-d. Dec. 29, 1170) –Archbishop of Canterbury 1162-1170 King Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189) –Centralizing bureaucracy –Judicial reforms “Benefit of clergy”

7. Murder in the Cathedral December 29, 1170 –A trash-talking bishop Henry does penance Canonized 1172

10. Lay Piety, 12 th -13 th Centuries Why religion? –Hope of eternal salvation –Explanation for human suffering –Expectation of divine justice –Promise of a better here and now Catholic church as a unifying influence

11. Baptism

12. Confirmation

13. Marriage

14. Holy Orders

15. Extreme Unction (Last Rites)

16. Penance

17. Eucharist

18. Sacraments Clergy as link between God and humanity Office of the priesthood bigger than any individual priest or his sins Transubstantiation (popularized by c. 1200)

19. Chalice of Abbot Suger, 1140 Abbot of St.-Denis Used for holding the sacred wine during Mass

20. Maiestas Domini, Toulouse, France, 1096 Romanesque Christ in judgement

21. Master of St. Francis Crucifix, Italian, c. 1272 Gothic, more emotional Slumped form

22. Hell gets hotter…

23. Struggles of the Papacy Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-90) Pope Hadrian IV (r. 1154-59) Arnold of Brescia Holy Week Interdict, 1155

24. The Papacy, cont. Pope Alexander III (r. 1159-83) –First of the “lawyer popes” German annexation of Sicily makes the Papal State surrounded by imperial territory—the horror! An opportunity…

25. Pope Innocent III Born Lothario di Segni. (R. 1198-1216) Defender of the “patrimonium” and meddler in secular affairs –But could not stop the Venetians from trading! Launched Fourth Crusade (1204) and Albigensian Crusade

27. Fourth Lateran Council, 1215 An assembly of Latin Christendom Aims: 1.To recapture Jerusalem 2.To reform the church Seventy canons (decrees)

28. 4 th Lateran Significant legislation: –Education for priests –Standardized dress and behavior –Banned trial by ordeal –Moratorium on new religious orders –Requirement for all Christians to receive penance and take the Eucharist at least 1x/year –Special dress for Jews and Muslims