1. Reproductive Systems Chapter 43

2. Reproductive Systems 2Outline Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Control of Reproduction

3. Reproductive Systems 3 Male Reproductive System Male gonads  Paired testes suspended in scrotum  Sperm ­Produced by testes ­Mature within epididymides ­Propelled into vas deferentia by muscular contractions

4. Reproductive Systems 4 Male Reproductive System Penis is cylindrical organ hanging in front of scrotum  Three cylindrical columns of spongy, erectile tissue  Blood flow stiffens penis and increases its size  Seminal fluid contains ­Sperm ­Secretions from  Seminal vesicles  Prostate gland, and  Bulbourethral gland

5. 5 The Male Reproductive System

6. 6 Penis Anatomy

7. Reproductive Systems 7Ejaculation Emission - First phase of ejaculation  Nerve impulses sent to epididymides and vasa deferentia  Sperm enter ejaculatory duct  Secretions released Expulsion  Rhythmical muscle contractions ­Expel semen in spurts from opening of urethra ­Contractions are part of male orgasm

8. Reproductive Systems 8 Testes and Sperm Testes contain one to three coiled seminiferous tubules Mature sperm have three distinct pieces  Head ­Acrosome  Mid-piece  Tail Normal human ejaculate contains several hundred million sperm

9. 9 Testis and Sperm

10. Reproductive Systems 10 Hormonal Regulation in Males Hypothalamus has ultimate control of testicular sexual function  Gonadotropic Hormones  Follicle Stimulating Hormone ­Promotes spermatogenesis ­Occurs in seminiferous tubules  Lutenizing Hormone ­Control production of testosterone ­Testosterone produced by interstitial cells of testis

11. 11 Hormonal Control of Testes

12. Reproductive Systems 12 Female Reproductive System Ovulation  An oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary into coelom  Swept into oviduct by currents in coelomic fluid  Fertilization normally occurs in oviduct  Ciliary movement moves zygote to uterus  Embryo embeds in uterine lining (endometrium)

13. 13 Female Reproductive System

14. Reproductive Systems 14 Female Reproductive System External genital organs are collectively known as the vulva  Mons pubis and labia minora and labia majora are on either side of urethral and vaginal openings  Clitoris has a shaft of erectile tissue and is capped by pea-shaped glans

15. 15 Ovarian Cycle

16. Reproductive Systems 16Ovaries Ovaries release ova and produce estrogen and progesterone Ovarian Cycle  Ovulation ­Release of secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle ­Follicle develops in corpus luteum ­Degenerates if no pregnancy

17. Reproductive Systems 17 Ovarian Cycle Follicular Phase  FSH promotes development of follicle  Follicle then secretes estrogens Luteal Phase  LH promotes development of corpus luteum  Corpus luteum then secretes progesterone

18. 18 Hormonal Control of Ovaries

19. Reproductive Systems 19 Uterine Cycle Sex hormones produced in ovarian cycle affect endometrium  Days 1-5: ­Endometrium disintegrates ­Menses pass out vagina during menstruation  Days 6-13: ­Endometrium thickens ­Ovulation usually occurs on 14 th day  Days 15-28: ­Endometrium doubles in thickness

20. 20 Female Hormone Levels During the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles

21. Reproductive Systems 21Placenta Originates from both maternal and embryonic tissues Produces  Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)  Maintains the corpus luteum until the placenta begins its own hormone production

22. Reproductive Systems 22 Female Breast Each breast contains between 15 and 24 lobules, each with its own mammary duct  Lactation caused by prolactin  Colostrum produced until milk production begins  Milk production begins a few days after delivery of a baby

23. 23 Anatomy of the Breast

24. Reproductive Systems Control of Reproduction Traditional Birth Control Methods The most reliable method of birth control is abstinence; it has the advantage of preventing transmission of a sexually transmitted disease. The most reliable method of birth control is abstinence; it has the advantage of preventing transmission of a sexually transmitted disease. Male and female condoms are other means to help prevent pregnancy. Male and female condoms are other means to help prevent pregnancy. Birth Control Pills These regimens either prevent fertilization or stop a fertilized egg from implanting. These regimens either prevent fertilization or stop a fertilized egg from implanting. 24

25. Reproductive Systems 25Infertility Common Causes of Infertility  Females - Endometriosis  Males - Low Sperm Count Assisted Reproductive Technologies  Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)  In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)  Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)  Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

26. Reproductive Systems Ending Slide Chapter 43