1. LEARNING DISABILITIES: DYSLEXIA
Wan Nur Alia bt Wan Ahmad Hifni
113052
Nutrition

2. Dyslexia= Reading Disabilities
It is a neurological in origin
Due to some neural wiring ‘glitch’ during embryonic development
Specific learning disability-affect only one area of learning (Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia, 2010).
Dyslexia reflects a problem within the language system in the brain
( Shaywitz, 2003 )
DYSLEXIA
- It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.
- typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction.
(International Dyslexia Association , 2002)
Dyslexia= Reading Disabilities

3. Risk Factors Gender Affect both male & female alike
Incidence in males is estimated to be 1.5 to 3 times more than in females (Lum,2011)
Background
All economy &ethnic background ( National Centre for Learning Disabilities, 2010)
All intellectual levels (International Dyslexia Association, 2012).
Familial
A dyslexic parent have higher possibilities of conceiving a dyslexic child(International Dyslexia Association, 2012).
Usually, more than one family member are dyslexic ( National Centre for Learning Disabilities, 2010)

4. Statistics World Malaysia
As a whole: 15–20% of the population have some symptoms of
dyslexia (International Dyslexia Association, 2012)
There is no research evidence for Malaysia’s dyslexia prevalence
( Gomez,2004)
 School-aged children: Approximately 10% of them have experience dyslexic-type difficulties, studies shown
Based on pilot study done by Gomez in 2000, conducted in Kuala Lumpur primary schools among 2000 pupils, found 7% of standard 2 Malay pupils has phonological reading difficulties ( Gomez, 2004).
Severely handicapped: Approximately 4% & have trouble learning in traditional classroom (Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia, 2010)
In Kuching, Sarawak 96 students diagnosed with dyslexia: 81 primary pupils & 15 secondary school students (Star Online, 2013).

5. Signs & Symptoms Some of the tell-tale sign of dyslexia:
Difficulty in carrying out more than one instruction at a time.
Difficulty in pronouncing multi-syllable words (e.g : ‘hopsital’ for ‘hospital’ )
Difficulty in finding the name for an object.
Confusion between left and right.
Poor handwriting with many reversals and badly formed letters.
Difficulty remembering anything in sequential order (e.g. : day of the week, multiplication tables).
Poor reading progression on both look and say and phonic method.
(Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia,2010)

6. Dyslexia: Warning Signs By Age
Young Children
Trouble With:
Recognizing letters, matching letters to sounds and blending sounds into speech
Pronouncing words, for example saying “mawn lower” instead of “lawn mower”
Learning and correctly using new vocabulary words
Learning the alphabet, numbers, and days of the week or similar common word sequences
Rhyming
School-Age Children
Mastering the rules of spelling
Remembering facts and numbers
Handwriting or with gripping a pencil
Learning and understanding new skills; instead, relying heavily on memorization
Reading and spelling, such as reversing letters (d, b) or moving letters around (left, felt)
Following a sequence of directions
Trouble with word problems in math
Teenagers and Adults
Reading at the expected level
Understanding non-literal language, such as idioms, jokes, or proverbs
Reading aloud
Organizing and managing time
Trouble summarizing a story
Learning a foreign language
Memorizing
National Centre for Learning Disabilities (2013)

7. Effect Early Have trouble in reading, spelling, or writing Progress
Affect people differently
Depend on severity & success of alternate learning methods ( National Center for Learning Disabilities, 2013)
(National Centre for Learning Disabilities, 2013)
Early
Have trouble in reading, spelling, or writing
Progress
Trouble with complex language skills
Exp: Grammar, reading comprehension
Later in life
Difficult to express themselves clearly
Have big-impact on self-esteem &image

8. Multisensory approach
Treatment & Therapy
Starts with early identification
Need help from specially trained teacher, tutor or therapist (International Dyslexia Association, 2012).
Multisensory approach
They have difficulty focusing, thus it is more effective to teach with many short breaks in between (Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia, 2010).
Classroom modifications such as extra time completing assignment.
This can be achieved through close collaboration between their academic therapists with classroom teachers (International Dyslexia Association, 2012).
-Commonly used methods
- Child is taught using more than one of his / her senses
-Example: Reading or listening combined with use of their hand

9. Supports/ Organization
Types
Name
Advocacy
International Dyslexia Association
Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia
Governmental
National Centre for Learning Disabilities ,USA
Malaysia Education Ministry: Jabatn Pendidikan Khas
Schools & Learning Centre
Governmental (Malaysia)
Each state at primary school level
- Exp: SK Sultan Yusof, Batu Gajah. Perak
Private
Learning centre
- Exp: Hils Learning Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2. Home schooling service
Exp: Sri Raflesia, Desa SriHartamas, Malaysia
Overseas
Exp: The Gow School, New York, USA.

10. Conclusion
Dyslexia is only a learning disabilities (language) & it has nothing to do with intellectual level .
With the high number of dyslexic children be it world or in Malaysia, what important is :
1.early identification,
2.proper approach
3. most importantly correcting our stigmatization towards these children.
As a society, we should help them achieve their potential as they too can give profound contribution to us.
Last but not least, here is a film & its link that can help you understand dyslexia & struggle of being a dyslexic child : Taare Zameen Par,

11. References
1. Gomez, C. (2004). Dyslexia in Malaysia. International book of dyslexia: A guide to practice and resources,
2. Lum, M. (2011, December 4th). Hard To Learn Star Online. Retrieved from
3. Ministry Fears Many More Dyslexic Student Unidentified. (2013, August 23rd). Star Online. Retrieved from
4. . Hils: Happiness Is learning Success. Retrieved December 22, 2013, from
5. . Persatuan Dyslexia Malaysia (2010) Retrieved December 22, 2013, from
6. Sri Raflesia: Learning Support and Intervention Services. (2009) Retrieved December 22, 2013, from
7. Team, N. E. (2013). What Is Dyslexia: National Center for Learning Disabilities Retrieved December 22, 2013, from
8. The Gow School. (2013) Retrieved December 22, 2013, from
9.. The International Dyslexia Association. Retrieved December 22, 2013, from