1. LG532: Europe’s Common Foreign and Security Policy Ken McDonagh School of Law & Government

2. Overview The European Security Dilemma The emergence of the EU The EU and European security The EU and Global security  ESDP  CFSP Is the EU a security actor?

3. The European Security Dilemma Traditional approach Balance of power Competing states/empires Military competition Status Quo v Revisionist powers War was a recurrent (and natural) feature of the European state system

4. The European Security Dilemma The unification of German (1871) and Italy (1866-1918) No more buffer zones 1871-1914 – the Age of Brinksmanship

5. The New European Security Dilemma WWI – 20 million killed, 20 million wounded “My friend, you would not tell with such high zest, To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie; Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori.” (Wilfred Owen 1917) WWII – c. 70million killed Desire to escape the cycle of war Democratisation

6. The emergence of the EU 1944 – Benelux Agreement 1947 – Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (later OECD) 1949 – Council of Europe 1951 – European Coal & Steel Community (Treaty of Paris) 1953 European Defence Community rejected 25 th March 1957, Treaty of Rome  1 st January 1958 EEC, also called the Common Market came into being

7. The emergence of the EU Paris Treaty, 1951 & Rome Treaties, 1957 Merger Treaty,1965; Budget Treaties, 1970 & 1975 Single European Act, 1987 Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) 1992 Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 Treaty of Nice, 2000 European Constitution (un-ratified) Lisbon Treaty (un-ratified)

8. The EU and European Security Franco-German relations Focus on economic stability Functionalist approach Security dominated by Cold War Structure NATO WEU  European defence pact  Functions increasingly transferred to the EU itself

9. The EU and European Security Enlargement  1973, 1981, 1986, 1995, 2004, 2007  From 6 to 27 member states European Neighbourhood Policy (2003) Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Carrot approach to regional security  Is membership the only effective carrot?

10. The EU and Global Security Post-Cold War – searching for a role New security issues  Petersburg Tasks Maastricht and Common Foreign & Security Policy (1992) Amsterdam – High Representative for CFSP (1998) Common Positions Joint Actions

11. The EU & Global Security The ESDP (European Security and Defence Policy) Origins in Cologne 1999, European Council Meeting Key issues:  Defence capabilities  Peace keeping/enforcement  Capacity Building

12. The EU & Global Security Helsinki 1999  Rapid Reaction Forces by 2003  Battle Groups Proposed in 2004, operational in 2007 European Security Strategy “A Secure Europe in a Better World” 2003 European Defence Agency (2004) Interoperability

13. The EU as a security actor EUFOR Concordia & EUPOL Proxima – FYR Macedonia, 2003 EUFOR Althea – Bosnia & Herzegovina, 2004- present ‘Operation Artemis’, May-Sep 2003, DRC EUFOR RD Congo, 2006, DRC EUFOR Chad, 2008  Under Irish command Naval Mission – Somalia and Piracy, 2008

14. The EU as security actor Stalled institutional reform  Constitution/Lisbon Carving out a niche:  NATO still exists  Some member states require UN mandate  Relationship to the US Divergent views among member states  Security is a political issue