1. Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 83 Topic: 14.3 Blood Groups and Transfusions Essential Questions: What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another? 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 14.3 Blood Groups and Transfusions What is the main concern when blood is transfused from one individual to another?

2. By the 1800’s human blood was being used for blood transfusions (earlier animal blood was used) Results were very unpredictable Some people were cured But many were killed The success rate was so poor, many nations banned transfusions Blood Transfusions

3. Karl Landsteiner: Began investigating why some blood transfusions work, and some do not In 1900, he determined that blood was of differing types and that only certain combinations of them were compatible By 1910, the identification of the ABO blood antigen explained the observed blood type incompatibilities

4. Blood Transfusions (2m8s)

5. 5 ABO Blood Group: RBCs have surface protein markers (antigens) that define their blood type---A/B/AB/O Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes Antigen A Antigen B

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7. Agglutination If blood of one type is mixed with blood of a different type, the blood’s antibodies (agglutinins) will attack the foreign RBCs, causing them to clump Agglutination: the clumping of red blood cells resulting from a transfusion reaction which may result in death Symptoms Facial flushing Anxiety Breathing difficulty Severe pain in head/neck/back Jaundice Hemolysis: RBCs burst Kidneys fail resulting in death 7

8. Agglutination

9. Key Vocab 9 Antigens: RBC surface molecules Antibodies: proteins carried in the blood’s plasma Called “anti” because they are “against” specific antigens Avoiding the mixture of certain kinds of antigens and antibodies prevents agglutination! Anti-B is against Antigen B Anti-A is against Antigen A

10. 10 Ex: If Type B blood (A antibodies) comes into contact with any blood containing A antigens, agglutination will occur Hint: FOCUS ON THE ANTIBODIES PRESENT in the recipient’s blood! These are what will attack the foreign RBCs. Are they “Anti” the antigen?

11. 11 ABO Blood Types P. 82 ABAB O Antigen Present Antibodies Present Agglutination occurs in the presence of ___________antigen blood Include picture for each

12. Antigen present: Antigen A Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-B antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : B antigen blood Group A Blood

13. Antigen present: Antigen B Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : A antigen blood Group B Blood

14. Antigen present: Antigen A and Antigen B Antibodies present in plasma: None!!!! Agglutination will occur in the presence of : None!!!! No antibodies to attack the incoming blood. Group AB Blood

15. Antigen present: None Antibodies present in plasma: Anti-A antibody and Anti- B antibody Agglutination will occur in the presence of : Antigen A or B blood Group O Blood

16. 16 ABO Blood Group

17. 17 Universal Donor: If a blood type lacks antigens, it can theoretically be transfused into persons with any other type of blood Which type of blood is considered the “universal donor”? Type O Universal Recipient: If a blood type lacks antibodies, it can theoretically receive blood from any other type of blood Which type of blood is considered the “universal recipient”? Type AB BUT…It is always best to use donor blood of the same type for transfusions!!!!!

18. 18 ABO Blood Group If an individual of one blood type is getting a blood transfusion from a different blood type certain precautions need to be in place: Transfuse slowly Only transfuse limited amounts of blood so that the donor blood is well diluted by the recipients larger blood volume Many times O blood “universal donor” will be transfused only as “packed cells”— meaning the plasma (with the A and B antibodies) removed.

19. 19 Blood Types for Transfusion You'll receive a transfusion that provides the part or parts of blood that will be most helpful for you. Whole blood means the blood contains all its parts. It is not common to use whole blood for a transfusion.

20. U.S. Blood Type Statistics 20 Type O= 47% Type A= 41% Type B= 9% Type AB= 3%

21. 21 Rh blood group: This group includes several Rh antigens (factors) If ANY Rh antigen is present= Rh+ –Most important is antigen D No antigens= Rh- Rh Blood Group Type A- blood Type A+ blood

22. 22 Rh-positive: Antigen present: Antigen D or other Rh antigens Rh Antibody present: None Agglutination will occur in presence of: None! Can donate to: Only Rh+ Can receive from: Rh+ or Rh- blood Rh Blood Group

23. 23 Rh-negative: Antigen present: None Rh Antibody present: Rh antibody Agglutination will occur: In the presence of Rh+ blood Can donate to: Rh+ OR Rh- Can receive from: Rh- blood only Rh Blood Group

24. 24 Rh Blood Group

25. 25 Antibodies for Rh (anti-Rh) form only in Rh- negative people in response to the presence of RBCs with Rh antigens If and Rh- person receives a transfusion of Rh+ blood, the recipient’s antibody-producing cells are stimulated: They will begin producing anti-Rh antibodies The person will become sensitive to Rh+ blood If they receive another Rh+ transfusion later, the donated RBCs are likely to agglutinate Rh Blood Group

26. 26 A similar condition will occur when an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an Rh-positive child First pregnancy might be uneventful At miscarriage or birth- infants blood may mix with mothers causing her to produce anti-Rh antibodies During a second Rh-positive pregnancy: mother’s anti-Rh antibodies may attack fetal red cells causing possible miscarriage The fetus may develop Erythroblastosis Fetalis which may lead to brain damage or possibly death Rh Blood Group

27. 27 1.Prevention: Rh-negative mother is given RhoGAM which is an Anti Rh-antibody shot BEFORE second pregnancy. Will bind to fetal Rh+ cells to protect them from the mother’s antibodies Must be given within 72 hours of possible contact with Rh+ cells (birth/abortion/miscarriage/or any prenatal tests that might insert a needle into the uterus) 2.Treatment of a baby with EF: Transfusions with Rh-negative blood are given before birth and after birth to avoid brain damage or death of baby Treatment options: Rh Blood Group

28. **Blood must be checked for both ABO and Rh factor –Blood types must be compatible for transfusions

29. U.S. Rh Blood Type Statistics 29 Type Rh-positive= 85% Type Rh-negative= 15%

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31. The Blood Typing Game Google: Nobel Prize Blood Typing Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/ 31

32. Ernie’s Exit Blood Typing Lab Objective: The students will determine the ABO/Rh antigens present in unknown blood samples and learn the importance of blood types and blood typing to transfusions and the immune response Problem: Mr. Walker is brought into the emergency room after a car accident. He is in need of a blood transfusion. He has type A blood. There are four donors available. Based on the antigens and antibodies in the blood for Mr. Walker and the donors, determine from whom Mr. Walker can safely receive a transfusion. 32

33. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab A small pool of blood and a weapon was found near a garbage dumpster. After examining the area, the CSI on the scene discovered the body of Ernest “One-Eyed” Earl –Earl had a wound to the chest The CSI tested blood samples from the blood pool and the weapon at the crime scene and it was determined to be human blood –Two different blood types were found Task: Through blood typing analysis, we need to determine who the two blood samples belong to. The primary hypothesis is that one blood sample is from the victim, while the other may be from his killer.

34. The CSI has identified three suspects in the crime: #1 Bobby “Baby” Brooks #2 “Slim” Jim Snoot #3 Barbie “Doll” Jones Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab

35. Materials: 3 blood typing trays (Marked A, B, and Rh) Blood from each of the suspects Crime scene blood samples (x 2) –Blood from weapon (thought to belong to “One-Eyed”) –Other blood found at the crime scene Blood typing kit (Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-Rh serum) Toothpicks for stirring 6 droppers (clearly labeled)

36. Ernie’s Exit- Blood Typing Lab Directions: Add a drop of blood from your blood container to each of the three spots in the tray (A, B, Rh) –Add a drop of anti-A serum to the A blood spot –Add a drop of anti-B serum to the B blood spot –Add a drop of anti-Rh serum to the Rh spot Stir with a clean toothpick IF IT “CLOTS”, PUT A PLUS (+) ON YOUR CHART IF NOTHING HAPPENS, PUT A (-) ON YOUR CHART Determine the blood type of each sample Clean up all trays (with water), wipe dry

37. Ernie’s Exit Lab Directions Follow the directions on your Procedure paper for each of the two lab activities. Use the Ward’s Blood Typing Poster to help you analyze your results 37

38. Type A Blood: (Antigen A) Anti-A: agglutination (+) Anti-B: no agglutination (-) Type B Blood (Antigen B) Anti-A: no agglutination (-) Anti-B: agglutination (+) Type AB Blood: (Antigen A &B) Anti-A: agglutination (+) Anti-B: agglutination (+) Type O Blood: (No Antigens) Anti-A: no agglutination (-) Anti-B: no agglutination (-)

39. 39 Rh Factor: Antigen D or Rh Antigens Anti-Rh: Rh+:agglutination Rh-: no agglutination