1. Limited Water Exchange Shrimp Culture Technology in Korea
Jong S. Kim*, In K. Jang, Hyung C. Seo
Yeong R. Cho and Bong R. Kim
West Sea Mariculture Research Center, NFRDI
2nd YSLME RMC, Jeju, Korea. June

2. CONTENTS Current Status Limited Water Exchange Culture
Achievements and Challenges

3. Current Status of Shrimp Farming in Korea

4. Shrimp Farming in Korea
Located along the Yellow Sea Coast
Semi-intensive or Intensive Culture
Low Productivity
Due to Viral Disease
One Crop a Year
Food Safety
Environmental Impact

5. Sustainable Farming Environmental Protection Disease Prevention
Food Safety
High Quality Demand
Traceable
Higher Productivity
Animal Welfare

6. Future Trend in Aquaculture and Fisheries
202573% % % %
FAO data and Diana projection

7. Newer Technologies Aquaponics in Vertical Farm Off-shore Farming
Inland Saline Culture
Urban Aquaculture
Desert Aquaculture
Bio-floc based Culture etc.
“CLOSED” & “RECYCLED”

8. Limited Water Exchange Shrimp Culture

9. General Characteristics of Limited Water Exchange Culture
Closed recirculating culture system
Suspended bio-floc based
Super-intensive (density)
Higher natural productivity
WSMRC

10. Benefits of Bio-floc Culture System
Limited or zero water exchange
Higher bio-security
Environmentally friendly system
Reducing nutrient rich effluent dishcharge
Protein reuse (Higher efficiency up to 45%)
Cost-effective
Full control of toxic nitrogen compound such as ammonia and nitrites

11. Bio-Floc ?
Floc comprise 70-80% of organic matter including microbial communities.
Good nutrition quality (protein reuse/minerals)
Control water quality
Heterotrophic condition?
Heterotrophic bacteria
Nitrifying bacteria
(chemolithic autotrophs)
Bio-floc formation and properties are still
empirical and un-predictable.

12. Mineralization / Nitrification
Mineralization by Heterotrophic Bacteria
(Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia etc.)
Nitrification by Chemolithic Autotrophs
Nitrosomonas (NH4+ oxidizers) and Nitrobacter (NO2- oxidizers)
Species of marine nitrifiers are different from those that
prefer fresh water, and yet, are very closely related.
Nitrifiers are very slow growing because of the manner
in which they must obtain energy (need carbon source).

13. Nitrogen Syndrome
Feed protein is inefficiently utilized by aquatic animals.
Shrimp protein utilization efficiency : about 20%
Fish protein utilization efficiency : about 25%
70~80% of the nitrogen in feed is converted into ammonia either by direct excretion or mineralization by heterotrophic bacteria
10-20% of the organic matter in rearing water degrade daily.

14. Carbon Source Bacteria feed carbohydrate and digest
50% of carbohydrate to energy and CO2
50% to new cell material (protein).
The bacteria take up ammonium from the water to produce microbial protein.
To immobilize 1 kg ammonium N we need to add 20 kg of hydrocarbon(mostly mollasses).
The C/N ratio of feed and added hydrocarbon should be 20.

15. What’s new ? Bio-floc RAS Typical RAS
(Bottom manifold-No bottom sludge)

16. Achievement & Challenges

17. Construction of new Facility
Demonstration farm (model farm) for limited water exchange shrimp culture to aquarists
Commercial scale greenhouse enclosed raceway tanks
Each raceway equipped with as follows;
Recirculation pump with Venturi system
Bottom manifold (Spraying nozzles)
Aeration system (Blower and oxygen generator)
Protein skimmer as a foam fractionator
Settlling tank (Denitrification tank)
Heat pump for wintering
Automatic monitoring & warning system

18. Exterior of the Building
Located in Temperate Regions
(with 2-layered Plastic Cover)

19. Internal Feature (Raceway)

20. Some equipments

21. Automatic monitoring

22. Heating System (Heat Pump)

23. Nursery Trials Four raceways (12-18 m2) Limited water exchange
Stocking
L. vannamei of Postlarvae (3,000-5,600/m3)
June, 2007

24. Summary of Nursery Trials
Yeild : Up to 4.22 kg/m3
Survival rate (%) : 54.5%
FCR : 0.79
 Tank
Initial
B.W.
(g)
Stocking
density
Days
Final
Yield
Surv.
rate(%)
FCR
(/m2)
(/m3)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
Tank 1
0.09
1,846
3,000 42
1.73
1.53
2.49 48
1.02
Tank 2
3,462
5,625
1.45
1.89
3.31
40.6
0.79
Tank 3
0.08
2,333
3,818
2.03
2.58
4.22
54.4
1.03
Tank 4
3,333
5,455
1.97
2.51
4.10
38.2
1.29

25. Grow-out Trials in Lined Pond
Pond Size
2 HDPE lined ponds (500m2)
Aeration
Pond 1 : Paddle wheel and air injector
Pond 2 : PDP with air injector
Stocking
L. vannamei 150,000 (300/m2) of PL
Mean B.W. 0.15g
Stocking : July 9, 2007
Harvest : October
Management
Limited water exchange
EP diet(CP 38%), FCR 1.2

26. Summary of Grow-out Trials in Lined Pond
Yeild : Up to 2.72 kg/m2
Survival rate (%) : 72.6%
Pond
Stocking
Period
(days)
Harvest
Survival
(%)
B.W.(g)
Total No.
Density
(/m2)
Total
(kg)
Production
(kg/m2)
Pond 1
0.015
150,000
300 91
12.5
1,362
2.72
72.6
Pond 2
12.2
1,282
2.56
70.1

27. Commercial Farm in Korea

28. Commercial Farm in Korea
Located in Goseong
Limited water exchange system have been in use since 2004
Tank Size : 190, 160, 300m2 (6 raceways )
Productivity
6.7kg/m2/crop in 2007
6.9kg/m2/crop in 2008

29. Conclusion
Limited water exchange shrimp culture system stocked with Pacific white shrimp can be done successfully in lined ponds and greenhouse- enclosed raceways in Korea
This technology can be conducted in shrimp farms in Korea currently available as a tool to minimize losses due to viral disease outbreaks and to reduce environmental impact by shrimp farming.
However, there is much still to be learned about the potential biological and economic benefits of producing shrimp in bio-floc based limited water exchange culture system in Korea.

30. Further Study Two crops a year in HDPE-lined pond
Greenhouse enclosed Raceway Culture year round (2 or 3 crops a year)
Increase productivity per unit area
Reduce operation costs
Study on the heterotrophic bacterial and nitrifying bacterial communities (including unculturable bacteria)

31. Thank for your attention !