1. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DAHOD
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ACTIVE LEARNING ASSIGNMENT
GEOTECHNICS & APPLIED GEPOLOGY( )
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
PRESENTED BY :
SADHU POOJA G. ( )
GUIDED BY:-
PROF.B.M.PUROHIT

2. PARTICLE – SIZE DISTRIBUTION
The percentage of various sizes of particles in a given dry soil example is found by a particle – size analysis or mechanical analysis. By mechanical analysis is meant the separation of a soil in to its different size fraction. The mechanical analysis is performed in two stages (1) sieve analysis and (2) sedimentary analysis or wet mechanical analysis.
The first stage is meant for coarse grained soils only, while the second stage is performed for fine grained soils. In general, a soil sample may contain both the stages of the mechanical analysis may be necessary.

3. SIEVE ANALYSIS
In the BS and ASTM standards, the sieve sizes are given in terms of the number of openings per inch. The number of openings per square inch is equal to the square of the number of the sieve. The sieves are designed by the size of the aperture in mm.
The complete sieve analysis can be divided into two parts the coarse analysis and fine analysis. An oven- dried sample of soil is separated in to two fractions by sieving it through a 4.75 mm IS sieve. The portion retained on it (+4.75 mm size) is termed as the gravel fraction and is kept for the coarse analysis, while the portion passing through it (-4.75 mm size) is subjected to fine sieve analysis.

4. The following set of sieves are used for coarse analysis IS :100,63,20,10 and 4.75 mm. The sieves used for fine sieve analysis are : 2 mm , 1.0 mm, 600, 300,212,150 and 75 micron IS sieves.
Sieving is performed by arranging the various sieves one over the other in the order of their mesh openings – the largest aperture sieve being kept at the top and the smallest aperture sieve at the bottom.

5. The receiver is kept at the bottom and a cover is kept at the top of the whole assembly. The soil sample is put on the top sieve and the whole assembly is fitted on a sieve shaking machine. The amount of shaking depends upon the shape and the number of particles At least 10 minutes of shaking is desirable for soils with small particles The portion of the soil sample retained on each sieve is weighed. The percentage of soil retained on each sieve is calculated on the basis of the total mass of soil sample taken and from these result, percentage passing through each sieve is calculated.

6. It is advisable to wash the soil portion passing through 4
It is advisable to wash the soil portion passing through 4.75 mm sieve over 75 micron sieve so that silt and clay particles sticking to the sand particles may be dislodged. Two grams of sodium hexametaphosphate is added per litre of water used. Washing should be continued until the water passing through 75 micron sieve is substantially clean. The fraction retained on the 75 micron sieve is dried in the oven. The dried portion is then re-sieved through 2 mm, 1 mm, 600,425,300,212,150 and 75 micron IS sieves. The portion in passing 75 micron sieve is also dried separately and its mass determined to grt % finer than 75 mi size. If the portion passing 75 micron size is substantial wet analysis is done for further sub division of particle size distribution.

7. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE
The results of the mechanical analysis are plotted to get a particle size distribution curve with the percentage finer N as the ordinate and the particle diameter as the abscissa, the diameter being plotted on a logarithmic scale. Figure shows some typical curves for various soils a particle size distribution curve gives us an idea aout the type and gradation of the soil. A curve situated higher up or to the left represent a relatively fine grained soil while a curve situated to the right represents a coarse grained soil.

8. A soil sample may be either well graded or poorly graded
A soil sample may be either well graded or poorly graded. A soil is said to be well graded when it has good representation of particles of all sizes. On the other hand a soil is said to be poorly graded if it has an excess of certain particles and deficiency of other or if it has most of the particles of about the same size in the latter, sieving is performed by arranging the various sieves.

10. REFERENCES
Dr B.C.Punamia(2004) “Soil Mechanics And Foundation Engineering”, Laxmi publication , pp 41-43, 58-59
article+size+distribution&title=special%3