1. 1 During WWII, modern oceanography began with Cousteau’s invention of SCUBA. It and many other devices invented by Cousteau opened the ocean to millions. 1.3 MODERN OCEANOGRAPHY Jacques Cousteau was the director of the Monaco Museum of Oceanography for 30 years until his death in 1997.

2. 2 The Calypso is the research vessel (R/V) of the Cousteau Society and is joined by Alcyone, a turbo-sail invented by Cousteau. The twin 33 ft. towers boost wind speed, save fuel and it completed a 10-year voyage around the world (1985-1995).

3. 3 1960 – The bathyscaphe, Trieste, made a record dive of 36,000 ft. near the Marianas Islands in the Pacific. She carried two men, Jacques Piccard and Lt. Donald Walsh, who took nearly 5 hours to reach the Challenger Deep. NOAA 1950 - International Geophysical Year (IGY) studied the Indian Ocean.

4. 4 FLIP is a 335 ft. vessel that is towed to a site and when the stern ballast tanks are flooded it converts into a 55 ft. stable platform for many types of research. FLIP was built by the Navy in 1962 to refine acoustic targeting for submarine rockets and is operated by Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego.

5. 5 The DSV Alvin was developed a year after the Thresher accident in response to this second submarine tragedy. In 1927, 42 men had died in 100 ft. of water in the S-4 near Cape Cod because no rescue equipment was available. In 1963, Thresher, a nuclear submarine, lost its entire crew off the coast of Maine at 1-2 miles down. High pressure seawater line failed, uncontrolled flooding. Black boxes were developed after that to record final audio and instrument readings. USS Thresher SSN- U593

6. 6 Woods Hole In 1964 the Navy built the first Deep Submergence Vehicle called Alvin. It is operated by Wood Hole Oceanographic Institute for research and rescue.

7. 7 Alvin is deployed from the R/V Atlantis. It can transport a crew of 3 people to 21,000 ft. NOAA

8. 8 In 1966, a U.S. Air Force B-52G bomber collided with its refueling tanker over Spain, destroying both planes. Four unarmed H-bombs fell out of the wreckage; 3 fell on land, one fell into the ocean. It took Alvin 80 days to find it.

9. 9 In 1966, Congress established the National Sea Grant College Program. University National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) coordinates oceanographic vessels and research.

10. 10 NOAA 1978 SEASAT was the first satellite launched for remote sensing of the ocean’s surface. 1977 Hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis are first seen using Alvin. 1985 - R.M.S. Titanic is found by Dr. Robert Ballard. In the 1970s, Project FAMOUS (French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) explored the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge spreading center.

11. 11 Dr. Sylvia Earle led the first team of women aquanauts during the in 1970’s Tektite Project. She still holds the record for solo diving to a depth of 1,000 meters (3,300 feet).

12. 12 1990’s - Global Positioning Satellites were opened for public access. 2000 – a 10 year project called Census of Marine Life will seek to identify marine life and preserve species. 1987 - Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into ocean floor sediments. NASA