1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Chapter 11 Strategic Leadership: Creating a Learning Organization and an Ethical Organization Strategic Management: creating competitive advantages Gregory G. Dess G. T. Lumpkin Marilyn L. Taylor Part 3: Strategic Implementation Part 3: Strategic Implementation

2. 11-2 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should have a good understanding of: The three key activities in which all successful leaders must be continually engaged. The importance of recognizing the interdependence of the three key leadership activities, and the salience of power in overcoming resistance to change.

3. 11-3 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should have a good understanding of: The crucial role of emotional intelligence (EI) in successful leadership. The value of creating and maintaining a “learning organization” in today’s global market place. The five central elements of a “learning organization.

4. 11-4 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should have a good understanding of: The leader’s role in establishing an ethical organization. The benefits of developing an ethical organization. The high financial and nonfinancial costs associated with ethical crises.

5. 11-5 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Leadership: Three Interdependent Activities Leadership is the process of transforming organizations from what they are to what the leader would have them become Leadership should be Proactive Goal-oriented Focused on the creation and implementation of a creative vision

6. 11-6 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Leadership: Three Interdependent Activities Successful leaders must recognize three interdependent activities Determining a direction Designing the organization Nurturing a culture dedicated to excellence and ethical behavior Determining a direction Designing the organization Nurturing a culture dedicated to excellence and ethical behavior Adapted from Exhibit 11.1 Three Interdependent Activities of Leadership

7. 11-7 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Setting a Direction Scan environment to develop knowledge of all stakeholders Knowledge of salient environmental trends and events Integrate that knowledge into a vision of what the organization could become Required capacities Solve increasingly complex problems Be proactive in approach Develop viable strategic options

8. 11-8 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Designing the Organization Difficulties in implementing the leaders’ vision and strategies Lack of understanding of responsibility and accountability among managers Reward systems that do not motivate individuals and groups toward desired organizational goals Inadequate or inappropriate budgeting and control systems Insufficient mechanisms to coordinate and integrate activities across the organization

9. 11-9 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Nurturing a Culture In nurturing a culture dedicated to excellence and ethical behavior, managers and top executives must Accept personal responsibility for developing and strengthening ethical behavior Consistently demonstrate that such behavior is central to the vision and mission Develop and reinforce Role models Corporate credos Codes of conduct Reward and evaluation systems Policies and procedures

10. 11-10 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Overcoming Barriers to Change and the Effective Use of Power Reasons why organizations and managers at all levels are prone to inertia and slow to learn, adapt, and change Vested interests in the status quo Systemic barriers Behavioral barriers Political barriers Personal time constraints

11. 11-11 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Leader’s Bases of Power Exhibit 11.2 A Leader’s Bases of Power

12. 11-12 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Accounting, business planning, etc. Analytical reasoning, quantitative analysis, etc. Ability to work with others, passion for work, etc. Emotional Intelligence: A Key Leadership Trait Successful traits of leaders at the highest level Technical skills Cognitive abilities Emotional intelligence

13. 11-13 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional Intelligence Five components of emotional intelligence Self-awareness Self-regulation Motivation Empathy Social skill Emotional intelligence

14. 11-14 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work Self-management skills: Self-awareness DefinitionHallmarks Adapted from Exhibit 11.3 The Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work The ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions, and drives, as well as their effect on others. Self-confidence Realistic self- assessment Self-deprecating sense of humor The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods. The propensity to suspend judgment—to think before acting. Trustworthiness and integrity Comfort with ambiguity Openness to change Source: Adapted from D. Goleman, “What Makes a Leader,” Harvard Business Review, October-November 1998, p. 95 (with permission) Self-regulation

15. 11-15 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work motivation DefinitionHallmarks A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status. A propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence. Strong drive to achieve Optimism, even in the face of failure Organizational commitment The ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people. Skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions. Expertise in building and retaining talent Cross-cultural sensitivity Service to clients and customers Self-management skills: Adapted from Exhibit 11.3 The Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work Managing relationships Empathy

16. 11-16 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work Social skill DefinitionHallmarks Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks. An ability to find common ground and build rapport. Effectiveness in leading change Persuasiveness Expertise in building and leading teams Managing relationships Source: Adapted from D. Goleman, “What Makes a Leader,” Harvard Business Review, October-November 1998, p. 95 (with permission) Adapted from Exhibit 11.3 The Five Components of Emotional Intelligence at Work

17. 11-17 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developing a Learning Organization Successful learning organizations Create a proactive, creative approach to the unknown Actively solicit the involvement of employees at all levels Enable all employees to use their intelligence and apply their imagination

18. 11-18 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Developing a Learning Organization Learning environment Organizationwide commitment to change An action orientation Applicable tools and methods Guiding philosophy Inspired and motivated people with a purpose

19. 11-19 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Salient elements of empowerment Start at the bottom by understanding needs of employees Teach employees skills of self- management Build teams to encourage cooperative behavior Encourage intelligent risk taking Trust people to perform Empowering employees at all levels

20. 11-20 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations “Open book” management Numbers on each employee’s work performance and production costs generated daily Information is aggregated once a week from top level to bottom level Extensive training in how to use and interpret the numbers—how to understand balance sheets, cash flows and income statements Empowering employees at all levels Accumulating and sharing internal knowledge

21. 11-21 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Awareness of environmental trends and events Internet accelerates the speed with which useful information can be located “Garden variety” traditional sources for acquisition of external information Benchmarking Focus directly on customers for information Empowering employees at all levels Accumulating and sharing internal knowledge Gathering and integrating external information

22. 11-22 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Four Critical Processes of Learning Organizations Challenging the status quo Create a sense of urgency Establish a “culture of dissent” Foster a culture that encourages risk taking Cultivate culture of experimentation and curiosity Empowering employees at all levels Accumulating and sharing internal knowledge Gathering and integrating external information Challenging the status quo and enabling creativity

23. 11-23 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Creating An Ethical Organization Organizational ethics is a direct reflection of its leadership Unethical business practices Involves tacit, if not explicit, cooperation of others Reflect the values, attitudes, and behavior pattern that define the organization’s operating culture

24. 11-24 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Creating An Ethical Organization Driving forces of ethical organizations ethical values Integrity Ethical values Shape the search for opportunities Shape the design organizational systems Shape the decision-making process used by individuals and groups Provide a common frame of reference, that serves as unifying force

25. 11-25 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrity-Based versus Compliance-Based Approaches to Organizational Ethics Essential links between organizational integrity and individual integrity Cannot be high-integrity organizations without high- integrity individuals Individual integrity is rarely self-sustaining Organizational integrity is beyond personal integrity, resting on a concept of Purpose Responsibility ideals

26. 11-26 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches or Strategies for Ethics Management EthicsConformity with externally Self-governance according to imposed standardschosen standards CharacteristicsCompliance-BasedIntegrity-BasedApproach Adapted from Exhibit 11.5 Approaches or Strategies for Ethics Management Source: L. S. Paine, “Managing for Organizational Integrity,” Harvard Business Review 72, no. 2 (1994), p. 113 (with permission). ObjectivePrevent criminal Enable responsible conduct misconduct LeadershipLawyer-drivenManagement-driven with aid of lawyers, HR, and others

27. 11-27 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Approaches or Strategies for Ethics Management MethodsEducation, reduced Education, leadership, discretion, auditing and accountability, organizational controls, penalties systems and decision processes, auditing and controls, penalties CharacteristicsCompliance-BasedIntegrity-BasedApproach Behavioral Autonomous beings Social beings guided by Assumptionsguided by material material self-interest, values, self-interestideals, peers Adapted from Exhibit 11.5 Approaches or Strategies for Ethics Management Source: L. S. Paine, “Managing for Organizational Integrity,” Harvard Business Review 72, no. 2 (1994), p. 113 (with permission).

28. 11-28 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Elements of Highly Ethical Organizations These interrelated elements must be present and constantly reinforced Role models Corporate credos and codes of conduct Reward and evaluation systems Policies and procedures

29. 11-29 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Elements of Highly Ethical Organizations Leaders are role models for their organizations Leaders must be consistent in their words and deeds Values and character of leaders become transparent to an organization’s employees Effective leaders take responsibility for ethical lapses within the organization Role models

30. 11-30 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Elements of Highly Ethical Organizations Provide a statement and guidelines for norms, beliefs and decision making Provide employees with clear understanding of the organizations position regarding employee behavior Provide the basis for employees to refuse to commit unethical acts Contents of credos and codes of conduct must be known to employees Role models Corporate credos and codes of conduct

31. 11-31 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Elements of Highly Ethical Organizations Inappropriate reward systems may cause individuals at all levels of the organization to commit unethical acts that they might not otherwise do Penalties in terms of damage to reputations, human capital erosion, and financial loss are typically much higher than any gains that could be obtained through such unethical behavior Role models Corporate credos and codes of conduct Reward and evaluation systems

32. 11-32 Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Key Elements of Highly Ethical Organizations Policies and procedures can specify proper relationships with a firm’s customers and suppliers Policies and procedures can guide employees to behavior ethically Policies and procedures must be reinforced Effective communication Enforcement Monitoring Sound corporate governance practices Role models Corporate credos and codes of conduct Reward and evaluation systems Policies and procedures