2. A time long ago in an Agency far far away... Historical Perspective on Marine Tenure

4. Marine Tenure Over Time 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 1980-90’s Integrated Coastal Management - governance framework, responsibilities - designate small-scale fishing areas - coastal set-backs and small MPAs 1980’s- 2000 small Marine Protected Areas - Local stewardship and enforcement 1999-2020 MPA networks and Seascapes - Multiple-use areas, exclude other uses 1999-2006 MACH fishing lease rights 1999-2020 Fisheries management, Biodiversity, GCC/A, Feed the Future $$ Marine Spatial Planning GCC/Adaptation $$ 2009→ moving into rights-based fishing & enhanced enforcement Governance …… Place-based …… Ecosystem goods …. Secure economics ….

5. Early forms of tenure before earmarks: ICRM Integrated Coastal Resources Management (ICRM) ~ 1985-2000 –Governance frameworks across levels and sectors –Delineated municipal, provincial, national geographic areas and responsibilities –Set aside municipal use areas for small-scale fishers (exclude industrial) –Empower local communities to establish Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) USAID worked on ICRM in ~ 10 countries Philippines example: → Strong emphasis on governance; less on spatial planning, economics, or managed access

6. From MPAs to Seascapes to Marine Spatial Planning Biodiversity Support Program (1989-2001), strengthened customary tenure rights in Pacific communities and MPAs Global Conservation Program (1998-2009) moved from single MPAs to seascape planning and management –Large-scale planning to conserve ecosystem goods and services –Delineate local government responsibilities, stewardship and uses Marine spatial planning with biodiversity and adaptation funds – Delineate sector uses → Greater emphasis on space and economic “uses” to increase stewardship; less on managing access or “users”

7. Tenure-based Approaches to Fisheries Community lease rights in Bangladesh Exclusive use rights to mangroves for TRY Oyster Women Associations in Gambia Community/fishing cooperative use rights in Central America Secure fishing areas for small vessels from industrial intrusions “Right-sizing” to manage access in the Philippines → Tenure linked to geographic area, strong economic incentives, managed access

8. Bangladesh Management of Aquatic Ecosystems through Community Husbandry (MACH) 1999 – 2006 Established Resource Management Organizations & exclusive use rights as a form of tenure –Leasing rights was a key transformational change Adopted no-take areas, sustainable fishing practices → Restored / improved fisheries productivity in 3 wetlands Impacts: –Increased fish catches in project villages by 140% –Fish consumption by 52% –Average daily household incomes by 33% –Benefitted over 184,000 people directly; 500,000 indirectly

9. Seascape management Fisheries reserves Manage access – allocate access to fisheries and resources –Licenses, gear and size restrictions, seasonal closures Registering and licensing fishers and vessels - From 2004 to 2009, stocks increased between 10 to 76 - BUT outside fishers moved in → Moving to “right-size” fisheries to limit number of fishers → Enhance enforcement to secure rights Philippines: FISH 2003 – 2010, ECOFISH 2012-2017