1. Intussusception

2. Introduction The most common abdominal emergency in early childhood, particularly in children younger than two years of age, and the second most common cause of intestinal obstruction after pyloric stenosis. The most common abdominal emergency in early childhood, particularly in children younger than two years of age, and the second most common cause of intestinal obstruction after pyloric stenosis. Intussusception is unusual in adults, and the diagnosis is commonly overlooked. In the majority of cases in adults, a pathologic cause is identified. In contrast, the majority of cases in children are idiopathic. Intussusception is unusual in adults, and the diagnosis is commonly overlooked. In the majority of cases in adults, a pathologic cause is identified. In contrast, the majority of cases in children are idiopathic.

3. Pathogenesis (2-1) Most common: ileo-colic type Most common: ileo-colic type others: ileo-ileo-colic, jejuno-jejunal, jejuno-ileal, or colo-colic intussusception Intussusception is considered to be idiopathic (ie, no lead point can be identified) in more than 75 percent of children with ileo-colic intussusception. Intussusception is considered to be idiopathic (ie, no lead point can be identified) in more than 75 percent of children with ileo-colic intussusception.

4. Pathogenesis (2-2) A lead point is recognized more commonly in children >5y/o. A variety of pathologic conditions associated with intussusception, including: A lead point is recognized more commonly in children >5y/o. A variety of pathologic conditions associated with intussusception, including: small bowel lymphoma Meckel diverticulum duplication cysts polyps vascular malformations inverted appendiceal stumps parasites (eg, Ascaris lumbricoides) Henoch-Schönlein purpura

6. Clinical Manifestation (3-1) Approximately 60 percent of children are younger than one year old, and 80 percent are younger than two. Approximately 60 percent of children are younger than one year old, and 80 percent are younger than two. Patients typically develop the sudden onset of intermittent, severe, crampy, progressive abdominal pain, accompanied by inconsolable crying and drawing up of the legs toward the abdomen. Patients typically develop the sudden onset of intermittent, severe, crampy, progressive abdominal pain, accompanied by inconsolable crying and drawing up of the legs toward the abdomen.

7. Clinical Manifestation (3-2) The episodes usually occur at 15 to 20 minute intervals. They become more frequent and more severe. The episodes usually occur at 15 to 20 minute intervals. They become more frequent and more severe. Vomiting may follow episodes of abdominal pain. Initially emesis is non-bilious, but it may become bilious as the obstruction progresses. Vomiting may follow episodes of abdominal pain. Initially emesis is non-bilious, but it may become bilious as the obstruction progresses. Between the painful episodes, the child may behave relatively normally and be free of pain. As symptoms progress, increasing lethargy develops, which can be mistaken for meningoencephalitis. Between the painful episodes, the child may behave relatively normally and be free of pain. As symptoms progress, increasing lethargy develops, which can be mistaken for meningoencephalitis.

8. Clinical Manifestation (3-3) Classic triads: abdominal pain, a palpable sausage shaped abdominal mass, and currant-jelly stool. Classic triads: abdominal pain, a palpable sausage shaped abdominal mass, and currant-jelly stool. Less than 15% of patients at the time of presentation. Less than 15% of patients at the time of presentation.

9. Diagnosis & Treatment (3-1) Abdominal plain films: Abdominal plain films: Crescent sign Crescent sign Target sign Target sign Ultrasonography: Ultrasonography: Bull’s eye sign Bull’s eye sign Coiled spring sing Coiled spring sing Target sign Target sign CT scan CT scan

10. Crescent sign in LUQ.

11. Crescent sign: Note the intussusceptum lead point ascending into the hepatic flexure.

12. X-ray diagnosis? 7-month-old girl with skull fracture, lethargy, and vomiting. Possible target sign in RUQ. Paucity of bowel gas suggestive of right- sided mass and bowel obstruction. Intussusception

15. Diagnosis & Treatment (3-2) Contrast studies: Contrast studies: The standard procedure for diagnosis and treatment of intussusception is a contrast (air or radiopaque) enema. The standard procedure for diagnosis and treatment of intussusception is a contrast (air or radiopaque) enema. Barium and water-soluble contrast Barium and water-soluble contrast Air contrast Air contrast Nonoperative reduction using barium or air contrast techniques is successful in approximately in 75 to 90 percent of patients with ileo-colic intussusception. Nonoperative reduction using barium or air contrast techniques is successful in approximately in 75 to 90 percent of patients with ileo-colic intussusception.

17. Diagnosis & Treatment (3-3) High risk cases: High risk cases: symptoms longer than 48 hours symptoms longer than 48 hours Infant < 1y/o (esp. <3m/o) Infant < 1y/o (esp. <3m/o) children > 5y/o, and when plain films show signs of intestinal obstruction children > 5y/o, and when plain films show signs of intestinal obstruction Recurrance rate: approximately 10% Recurrance rate: approximately 10% Surgery Surgery