1. The Brain, Spinal Cord and Senses IntroIntro (5min)

2. The Brain Part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) An Interneuron Functions: – Your brain is the body’s major control center. – It enables you to Analyze situations, communicate, create, feel and learn. Brain

3. The Brain Characteristics: – Approximately the size of your two fists together. – Approximately 2-3 lbs – Uses 20-25% of the body’s energy. – Contains over 100 billion neurons

4. Parts of the Brain Cranium, the bone that surrounds and protects the brain 4 major parts: 1.Cerebrum 2.Cerebellum 3.Brain Stem 4.Limbic System Cerebrum Brain Stem Cerebellum

5. The Cerebrum Largest part of the brain Responsible for: thinking, communication and learning Controls voluntary muscles Stores memory Split into 2 hemispheres: – Left = Logical Reasoning Mathematics, logic & speech – Controls the right side of the body – Right = Creativity Art & music – Controls the left side of the body

6. The Cerebrum 4 subdivisions: – Frontal Lobe – Occipital Lobe – Parietal Lobe – Temporal Lobe

7. Frontal Lobe Functions: – expressive language – Reasoning – higher level cognition – motor skills If Damaged: it can lead to changes in socialization, and attention.

8. Parietal Lobe Functions: – Processes information on tactile senses like pain, pressure and touch. If Damaged: It can cause problems with language, ability of controlling eye gaze and verbal memory.

9. Occipital Lobe Functions: – Tasked with the duty of interpreting the information sent to the brain by the eyes. If Damaged: Visual ability will be affected; inability to recognize colors, words and objects.

10. Temporal Lobe Functions: – Responsible for forming memories and processing sounds. If Damaged: problems with language skills, speech perception and memory.

11. The Cerebellum Located at the back of your brain, below the cerebrum Responsible for balance, movement and coordination Latin for “little brain” Cerebellum

12. The Brain Stem Sits beneath the Cerebrum Connects the brain and spinal cord Controls involuntary, autonomic, actions: Breathing, blood pressure, digestion & heart beat. Brain Stem

13. The Brain Stem 3 subdivision of the Brain Stem: – Midbrain – Pons – Medulla

14. Parts of the Brain Stem Midbrain: Controls body movement, hearing, vision, eye movement and voluntary motor functions. Pons: Responsible for performing sensory analysis, controlling motor function, controlling sleep and conscious levels. Medulla: Controls vital body functions like heart rate and breathing.

15. Limbic System Lies inside the cerebrum. Often called the emotional brain Parts of the Limbic System: – Thalamus – Hypothalamus – Amygdala – Hippocampus

16. Limbic System Hypothalamus – Function: Body Temperature (homeostasis), Emotions, Hunger, Thirst, sleep/wake cycles. Thalamus – Function: Sensory and Motor Processing Amygdala – Function: Associated with fear, memory and emotions Hippocampus – Functions: helps in learning and memory building. Short-term memories are converted into permanent

17. Spinal Cord Part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) An Interneuron Connects the brain to the rest of the body. Spinal Cord

18. Characteristics: – As thick as a pencil. – 43 cm long. – Protected by 33 irregularly shaped vertebrae Protect the spinal cord from injury – If cut or damaged, paralysis can occur. » The loss of movement and feeling from the point of damage down.

19. The Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Spinal Nerve Disc Vertebra

20. The Senses 5 Senses: – Smell, sight, hearing, taste and touch Functions: – Connect people with the outside world – Enrich people’s everyday lives and experiences. – Help make people aware of the things around them. Senses give the brain information and the brain turns this into a perception.

21. How Senses Work Sense organs have sensory receptors. – Sensitive to specific types of energy. Sensory receptors change the energy given off by a stimuli into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain. The brain then processes these impulses into a sight, a sound, a taste, a smell, or a touch.

22. The Senses and Energy SenseSense OrganEnergy Detected SightEyesLight Energy HearingEarsMechanical Energy SmellNoseChemical Energy TasteTongueChemical Energy TouchSkinMechanical and Thermal Energy Ben Underwood Movie Ben Underwood Movie – 10 min

23. Optical Illusions

27. http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

28. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

31. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

32. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

33. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

34. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

35. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

36. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

38. Optical Illusions

40. http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

41. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

42. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm

43. Optical Illusions http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/illusion/illusions.htm