1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Central Nervous System

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. (d) Adult brain structures (c) Secondary brain vesicles Spinal cord Cerebellum Brain stem: medulla oblongata Brain stem: pons Brain stem: midbrain Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon Diencephalon Telencephalon Central canal Fourth ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Third ventricle Lateral ventricles (e) Adult neural canal regions

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Regions and Organization of the CNS Adult brain regions 1.Cerebral hemispheres 2.Diencephalon 3.Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) 4.Cerebellum

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3d Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebral hemisphere (d) Birth Brain stem Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventricles of the Brain Connected to one another and to the central canal of the spinal cord Lined by ependymal cells Hold and transport CSF

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5 Anterior horn Interventricular foramen Inferior horn Lateral aperture (b) Left lateral view Lateral ventricle Septum pellucidum Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct (a) Anterior view Fourth ventricle Central canal Inferior horn Posterior horn Median aperture Lateral aperture

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral Hemispheres Surface markings Ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep grooves (fissures) Five lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral Hemispheres Surface markings Central sulcus Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe Longitudinal fissure Separates the two hemispheres Transverse cerebral fissure Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6a Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Frontal lobe (a) Parietal lobe Parieto-occipital sulcus (on medial surface of hemisphere) Lateral sulcus Transverse cerebral fissure Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Cortex (gray matter) Fissure (a deep sulcus) Gyrus Sulcus White matter

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cerebral Cortex Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter 40% of the mass of the brain Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex The three types of functional areas are: Motor areas—control voluntary movement Sensory areas—conscious awareness of sensation Association areas—integrate diverse information Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Areas Primary (somatic) motor cortex Premotor cortex Broca’s area Frontal eye field

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8a Gustatory cortex (in insula) Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Prefrontal cortex Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9 Toes Swallowing Tongue Jaw Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus) Motor Motor map in precentral gyrus Posterior Anterior

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sensory Areas Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Visual areas Auditory areas Olfactory cortex Gustatory cortex Visceral sensory area Vestibular cortex

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8a Gustatory cortex (in insula) Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Frontal eye field Working memory for spatial tasks Executive area for task management Working memory for object-recall tasks Broca’s area (outlined by dashes) Solving complex, multitask problems (a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere Motor areas Prefrontal cortex Sensory areas and related association areas Central sulcus Primary somatosensory cortex Somatosensory association cortex Somatic sensation Taste Wernicke’s area (outlined by dashes) Primary visual cortex Visual association area Vision Auditory association area Primary auditory cortex Hearing Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9 Genitals Intra- abdominal Primary somato- sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus) Sensory Sensory map in postcentral gyrus Posterior Anterior

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Visual Areas Primary visual (striate) cortex Extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe Receives visual information from the retinas

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Multimodal Association Areas Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas Send outputs to multiple areas Allow us to give meaning to information received, store it as memory, compare it to previous experience, and decide on action to take

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Multimodal Association Areas Three parts Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex) Posterior association area Limbic association area

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) Most complicated cortical region Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality Contains working memory needed for judgment, reasoning, persistence, and conscience Development depends on feedback from social environment

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior Association Area Large region in temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke’s area)

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Limbic Association Area Part of the limbic system Provides emotional impact that helps establish memories

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateralization of Cortical Function Lateralization Division of labor between hemispheres Cerebral dominance Designates the hemisphere dominant for language (left hemisphere in 90% of people)

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lateralization of Cortical Function Left hemisphere Controls language, math, and logic Right hemisphere Insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills Left and right hemispheres communicate via fiber tracts in the cerebral white matter

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.11a Fibers of corona radiata Corpus striatum (a) Projection fibers run deep to lentiform nucleus Caudate nucleus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus (deep to putamen)

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.11b (1 of 2) Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Putamen Lentiform nucleus (b) Globus pallidus Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus Third ventricle Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Anterior Posterior Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.11b (2 of 2) Corpus callosum Anterior horn of lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus (b) Thalamus Third ventricle Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Diencephalon Three paired structures Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.12 Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Posterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interven- tricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Cerebral hemisphere Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Mid- brain Fornix

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamus 80% of diencephalon Contains several nuclei, named for their location Nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.13a Dorsal nuclei Medial Anterior nuclear group Reticular nucleus Ventral anterior Ventral lateral Ventral postero- lateral Lateral geniculate body Medial geniculate body Pulvinar Lateral dorsal Lateral posterior (a) The main thalamic nuclei. (The reticular nuclei that “cap” the thalamus laterally are depicted as curving translucent structures.) Ventral nuclei

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Thalamic Function Gateway to the cerebral cortex Sorts, edits, and relays information Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function Impulses from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct the motor cortices Mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamus Contains many nuclei Example: mammillary bodies Paired anterior nuclei Olfactory relay stations Infundibulum—stalk that connects to the pituitary gland

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.13b Preoptic nucleus Supraoptic nucleus Supra- chiasmatic nucleus Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Dorsomedial nucleus Paraventricular nucleus Fornix Anterior commissure Posterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral hypothalamic area Ventromedial nucleus Optic chiasma Infundibulum (stalk of the pituitary gland) Pituitary gland Mammillary body (b) The main hypothalamic nuclei. Arcuate nucleus

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamic Function Autonomic control center for many visceral functions (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility) Center for emotional response: Involved in perception of pleasure, fear, and rage and in biological rhythms and drives

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Hypothalamic Function Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst Regulates sleep and the sleep cycle Controls release of hormones by the anterior pituitary Produces posterior pituitary hormones

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Epithalamus Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms roof of the third ventricle Pineal gland—extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin Melatonin—helps regulate sleep-wake cycles

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.12 Corpus callosum Choroid plexus Thalamus (encloses third ventricle) Pineal gland (part of epithalamus) Posterior commissure Corpora quadrigemina Cerebral aqueduct Arbor vitae (of cerebellum) Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus Cerebellum Septum pellucidum Interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass of thalamus) Interven- tricular foramen Anterior commissure Hypothalamus Optic chiasma Pituitary gland Cerebral hemisphere Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Mid- brain Fornix

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Stem Three regions Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Stem Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.14 Frontal lobe Olfactory bulb (synapse point of cranial nerve I) Optic chiasma Optic nerve (II) Optic tract Mammillary body Pons Medulla oblongata Cerebellum Temporal lobe Spinal cord Midbrain

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.15a Optic chiasma View (a) Optic nerve (II) Mammillary body Oculomotor nerve (III) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Ventral root of first cervical nerve Trochlear nerve (IV) Pons Middle cerebellar peduncle Pyramid Decussation of pyramids (a) Ventral view Spinal cord Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Diencephalon Brainstem Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.15b View (b) Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncles (midbrain) Infundibulum Pituitary gland Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Pons (b) Left lateral view Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Diencephalon Brainstem Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata Thalamus Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Trochlear nerve (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Olive

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16a Dorsal Cerebral aqueduct Superior colliculus Reticular formation Crus cerebri of cerebral peduncle Ventral Fibers of pyramidal tract Substantia nigra (a) Midbrain Red nucleus Medial lemniscus Oculomotor nucleus (III) Periaqueductal gray matter Tectum

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Pons Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum Origin of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) Nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16b Reticular formation Trigeminal nerve (V) Pontine nuclei Fibers of pyramidal tract Middle cerebellar peduncle Trigeminal main sensory nucleus Trigeminal motor nucleus Superior cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus Fourth ventricle (b) Pons

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Medulla Oblongata Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum Contains a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle Relay sensory information from muscles and joints to cerebellum Cranial nerves VIII, X, and XII are associated with the medulla Mediates responses that maintain equilibrium

49. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Medulla Oblongata Autonomic reflex centers Cardiovascular center Cardiac center adjusts force and rate of heart contraction Vasomotor center adjusts blood vessel diameter for blood pressure regulation Respiratory centers Generate respiratory rhythm Control rate and depth of breathing

50. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Medulla Oblongata Additional centers regulate Vomiting Hiccuping Swallowing Coughing Sneezing

51. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.16c Choroid plexus Fourth ventricle Pyramid Medial lemniscus Inferior olivary nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Inferior cerebellar peduncle Cochlear nuclei (VIII) Vestibular nuclear complex (VIII) Solitary nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (X) Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) (c) Medulla oblongata Lateral nuclear group Medial nuclear group Raphe nucleus Reticular formation

52. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebellum 11% of brain mass Dorsal to the pons and medulla precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction Sports

53. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Cognitive Function of the Cerebellum sequences of events during complex movements nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving

54. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.17b (b) Medulla oblongata Flocculonodular lobe Choroid plexus of fourth ventricle Posterior lobe Arbor vitae Cerebellar cortex Anterior lobe Cerebellar peduncles Superior Middle Inferior

55. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Limbic System Emotional or affective brain Amygdala—recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits the fear response Cingulate gyrus—plays a role in expressing emotions via gestures, and resolves mental conflict emotional responses to odors

56. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Limbic System: Emotion and Cognition The limbic system interacts with the prefrontal lobes, therefore: We can react emotionally to things we consciously understand to be happening We are consciously aware of emotional richness in our lives

57. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Cranial Nerve Mnemonic: On old Olympus' towering top a Fin and German viewed some hops O: olfactory nerve (CN I)olfactory nerve (CN I) O: optic nerve (CN II)optic nerve (CN II) O: oculomotor nerve (CN III)oculomotor nerve (CN III) T: trochlear nerve (CN IV)trochlear nerve (CN IV) T: trigeminal nerve(CN V)trigeminal nerve(CN V) A: abducens nerve (CN VI)abducens nerve (CN VI) F: facial nerve (CN VII)facial nerve (CN VII) A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII)vestibulocochlear G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) V: vagus nerve (CN X)vagus nerve (CN X) S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) H: hypoglossal (CN XII)hypoglossal (CN XII)